DIAGNOSIS AND GRADING OF BLADDER CANCER AND ASSOCIATED LESIONS
Section snippets
FLAT NEOPLASTIC LESIONS OF THE UROTHELIUM
Intraepithelial neoplasia of the bladder is strongly linked with invasive carcinoma, including flat lesions [dysplasia and carcinoma in situ (CIS)] and papillary lesions (noninvasive papillary carcinoma). Related lesions such as inverted papilloma, papillary hyperplasia, and a variety of metaplastic lesions may also be linked with carcinoma, but the evidence is inconclusive; these related lesions are not discussed herein.
PAPILLARY NEOPLASMS OF THE UROTHELIUM
The classification of papillary neoplasms proposed by the WHO/ISUP 1998 consensus group34 parallels the previous recommendations of the WHO in 197382 (see Table 2). Papilloma was considered a valid and unique diagnostic entity, although the strict criteria for diagnosis proposed by the WHO in 1973 were reconfirmed. The term urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential was introduced to replace the term grade 1 carcinoma in recognition of the unlikely event of recurrence or progression of
SUMMARY
Standardized classification and grading of urothelial carcinoma has now been achieved internationally. Uniformity of pathologic reporting should improve the comparability of different studies and therapies and provide more accurate information to urologists in managing patients.
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