The various changes occurring with progression from normal bronchial mucosa to invasive carcinoma in central bronchial carcinogenesis
| Normal | Squamous metaplasia | Low grade dysplasia | High grade dysplasia | Carcinoma in situ | Invasive carcinoma | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal refers to morphologically normal epithelium in cigarette smokers. Data summarised from discussion in text and references. | ||||||
| LOH, loss of heterozygosity. | ||||||
| Hyperproliferation | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | +++ | +++ |
| 3p LOH | + | + | ++ | ++ | +++ | +++ |
| 9p LOH | + | + | ++ | ++ | +++ | +++ |
| p53 overexpression | + | + | ++ | ++ | +++ | +++ |
| Rb expression | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
| Cyclin D1 overexpression | + | + | ++ | ++ | ||
| Telomerase overexpression | + | + | + | + | +++ | |
| bcl-2 overexpression | + | + | ++ | ++ | ||
| Aneuploidy | + | ++ | ++ | +++ | ||
| p53 mutation | + | ++ | ||||
| p16 loss | + | ++ | ||||
| FHIT loss | + | ++ | +++ | |||
| 13q and 17p LOH | + | +++ | +++ | |||
| 5p and 5q LOH | + | |||||