Summary of known metastastic tumour genes
| MSG | Chromosome location | Function | Metastatic tumour |
|---|---|---|---|
| EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; ERK, extracellular signal regulated kinase; MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinase. | |||
| Nm23 | 17q21.3 | Regulates cell growth, reduces invasion and motility | Breast and melanoma31 |
| KAI1 (CD82) | 11p11.2 | Regulates adhesion, migration, growth, and differentiation. Influences signalling pathways such as EGFR and Rho GTPases | Prostate,34 breast,35,36 melanoma,37 colon38 |
| CD44 | 11p11.2 | Influences cell adhesion; hypermethylation of DNA results in downregulation | Prostate,54 lung, breast, colon, melanoma56 |
| MKK4 | 14 | Regulates signal transduction between p38 and ERK/JNK MAPKs | Prostate,58,59 ovary60 |
| KISS-1 | 1 | Inhibition of chemotaxis and invasion; G protein coupled receptor ligand | Melanoma, breast62,63 |
| BrMS1 | 11 | Restores normal gap junction phenotype | Melanoma,64 bladder66 |
| RhoGD12 | 11p11.2 | Regulates RHO and RAC function | Bladder,66 prostate, bladder, breast, colorectum, kidney, lung, liver70 |
| PTEN/MMAC1 | 10q23 | Homologous to cytoskeletal protein tensin; involved in tumour cell invasion and metastasis through interactions of tensin with actin filaments at focal adhesions | Breast, lung, colorectal, kidney, thyroid, endometrial, germ cell,74 melanoma81 |