Table 1

Examples of actionable genes for solid tumours

Tumour type	Genes	Abnormality	Drugs/indication
Non-small cell lung cancer	EGFR	Activating mutation	Response to EGFR TKI* treatment
	ALK	Translocations	Response to crizotinib treatment
Melanoma	BRAF	Activating mutation	Response to vemurafenib treatment
	KIT	Activating mutation	Response to imatinib treatment
GIST	KIT	Activating mutation	Response to imatinib treatment
Colorectal cancer	KRAS	Activating mutation	Resistance to anti-EGFR treatment
	NRAS	Activating mutation	Resistance to anti-EGFR treatment
	BRAF	Activating mutation	Poor prognosis and possible resistance to anti-EGFR treatment
Breast cancer	ERBB2 (HER2)	Amplification	Response to trastuzumab or lapatinib treatment
	BRCA1/2	Mutation	Response to PARP inhibitors
Ovarian cancer	BRCA1/2	Mutation	Response to PARP inhibitors

*EGFR TKI—tyrosine kinase inhibitors active against EGFR, such as gefitinib and erlotinib.