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Cytokines in Common Variable Immunodeficiency as Signs of Immune Dysregulation and Potential Therapeutic Targets – A Review of the Current Knowledge

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Abstract

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is characterized by low levels of circulating immunoglobulins and compromised specific antibody response leading to frequent infections. Cytokines play an important role in the orchestration of the antibody response. Several previous studies have attempted to identify distinct cytokines responsible for the inflammatory changes and different manifestations of CVID, but there are conflicting results regarding the cytokine profiles in CVID patients. In light of this, an extensive review regarding the level of various cytokines and their potential therapeutic role in CVID patients was performed. This review delineates the contribution of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12, IL-21, interferons, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-17, APRIL (a proliferation inducing ligand) and BAFF (B cell activating factor) in CVID disease and outline their potential therapeutic implications in these patients.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF 01 EO 0803) and Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The authors are responsible for the contents of this publication.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Farnaz Najmi Varzaneh, Asghar Aghamohammadi & Nima Rezaei

  2. Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

    Bärbel Keller, Susanne Unger & Klaus Warnatz

  3. Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

    Klaus Warnatz

  4. Molecular Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Nima Rezaei

  5. Children’s Medical Center Hospital, Dr Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 14194, Iran

    Nima Rezaei

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  1. Farnaz Najmi Varzaneh
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Klaus Warnatz and Nima Rezaei contributed equally to this work.

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Varzaneh, F.N., Keller, B., Unger, S. et al. Cytokines in Common Variable Immunodeficiency as Signs of Immune Dysregulation and Potential Therapeutic Targets – A Review of the Current Knowledge. J Clin Immunol 34, 524–543 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-014-0053-0

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