Skip to main content
Log in

Bird Fancier's Lung: A State-of-the-Art Review

  • Published:
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Bird fancier's lung (BFL) resulting from avian antigen exposure is a very common form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Its pathogenesis is modified by genetic polymorphisms located within the major histocompatibility complex, and also by smoking, which may decrease serum antibody response to inhaled antigen. Acute, subacute, and chronic presentations of BFL are recognized, but often overlap clinically. Continued antigen exposure in the chronic phase portends a worse prognosis. Chronic bronchitis symptoms may be part of the BFL clinical spectrum, and rhinitis may suggest an allergic component. The diagnosis of BFL is enhanced by a high index of suspicion of exposure to avian antigen, recurrent symptomatic episodes occurring 4–8 h after exposure, inspiratory “velcro” crackles on auscultation, weight loss, and positive IgG precipitins to the antigen. Characteristic findings on high-resolution computed tomography of the chest include centrilobular nodules, ground-glass opacification, and mosaicism due to air trapping. Bronchoalveolar lavage will classically show >25% lymphocytosis, a CD4/CD8 ratio of <1.0 and >1% mast cells in the acute phase. Lung biopsies, if obtained in the subacute phase of the disease, typically show loosely formed granulomas, giant cells, a lymphoplasmacytic interstitial infiltrate, and possibly some degree of fibrosis. In some patients, usual interstitial pneumonia or fibrotic non-specific interstitial pneumonia patterns may be seen on surgical biopsy. Skin testing, serological testing, and bronchial provocation tests for BFL frequently suffer from a lack of standardization. Effective treatment for BFL consists mainly of antigen avoidance, as corticosteroids likely do not alter long-term prognosis. Lung transplantation can be considered for progressive chronic disease refractory to medical measures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Cormier Y, Schuyler M (2005) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis and organic dust toxic syndromes. In: Bernstein L, Chan-Yeung M, Malo J-L, Bernstein D (eds) Asthma and the workplace, 3rd edn. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 635–656

    Google Scholar 

  2. Selman M, Lacasse Y, Pardo A, Cormier Y (2010) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by fungi. Proc Am Thorac Soc 7:229–236

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Reed CE, Barbee RA (1965) Pigeon-Breeders' Lung: A Newly Observed Interstitial Pulmonary Disease. JAMA 193:261–265

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Hendrick DJ, Faux JA, Marshall R (1978) Budgerigar-fancier's lung: the commonest variety of allergic alveolitis in Britain. Br Med J 2:81–84

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Hargreave FE, Pepys J, Longbottom JL, Wraith DG (1966) Bird breeder's (fancier's) lung. Lancet 1:445–449

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Calvert JE, Baldwin CI, Allen A, Todd A, Bourke SJ (1999) Pigeon fanciers' lung: a complex disease? Clin Exp Allergy 29:166–175

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Schatz M, Patterson R, Fink J, Moore V, Rodey G, Cunningham A, Roberts M, Harris K (1976) Pigeon breeders disease. III. A study of a family exposed to doves. Clin Exp Immunol 24:33–41

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Cunningham AS, Fink JN, Schlueter DP (1976) Childhood hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to dove antigens. Pediatrics 58:436–442

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. McCluskey JD, Haight RR, Brooks SM (2002) Cockatiel-induced hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Environ Health Perspect 110:735–738

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Daschner A, Moreno-Ancillo A, Barranco P, Lopez-Serrano C (1998) Exposure to parakeets and bronchiolitis obliterans. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 115:254–256

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Liu YN, Chen LA, Zhang ZY, Li QS (1989) Parrot breeder's lung: first case report in China. Chin Med J (Engl) 102:947–950

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Balasubramaniam SK, O'Connell EJ, Yunginger JW, McDougall JC, Sachs MI (1987) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to dove antigens in an adolescent. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 26:174–176

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Funke M, Fellrath JM (2008) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis secondary to lovebirds: a new cause of bird fancier's disease. Eur Respir J 32:517–521

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Pearsall HR, Morgan EH, Tesluk H, Beggs D (1960) Parakeet dander pneumonitis. Acute psittacokerato-pneumoconiosis, report of a case. Bull Mason Clin 14:127–137

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Montgomery SC, Counselman FL, Rawls HP Jr (1998) Shortness of breath secondary to a pet cockatiel. Am J Emerg Med 16:285–288

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Morell F, Roger A, Reyes L, Cruz MJ, Murio C, Munoz X (2008) Bird fancier's lung: a series of 86 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 87:110–130

    Google Scholar 

  17. Yi ES (2002) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 39:581–629

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Korn DS, Florman AL, Gribetz I (1968) Recurrent pneumonitis with hypersensitivity to hen litter. JAMA 205:114–115

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Fenton ME, Cockcroft DW, Wright JL, Churg A (2007) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis as a cause of airway-centered interstitial fibrosis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 99:465–466

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Boyer RS, Klock LE, Schmidt CD, Hyland L, Maxwell K, Gardner RM, Renzetti AD Jr (1974) Hypersensitivity lung disease in the turkey raising industry. Am Rev Respir Dis 109:630–635

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Partridge SJ, Pepperell JC, Forrester-Wood C, Ibrahim NB, Raynal A, Swinburn CR (2004) Pheasant rearer's lung. Occup Med (Lond) 54:500–503

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Koschel D, Wittstruck H, Renck T, Muller-Wening D, Hoffken G (2010) Presenting features of feather duvet lung. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 152:264–270

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Xaubet A, Ancochea J, Morell F, Rodriguez-Arias JM, Villena V, Blanquer R, Montero C, Sueiro A, Disdier C, Vendrell M (2004) Report on the incidence of interstitial lung diseases in Spain. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 21:64–70

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Roelandt M, Demedts M, Callebaut W, Coolen D, Slabbynck H, Bockaert J, Kips J, Brie J, Ulburghs M, De Boeck K et al (1995) Epidemiology of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in flanders: registration by pneumologists in 1992–1994. Working group on ILD, VRGT. Vereniging voor Respiratoire Gezondheidszorg en Tuberculosebestrijding. Acta Clin Belg 50:260–268

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Camarena A, Juarez A, Mejia M, Estrada A, Carrillo G, Falfan R, Zuniga J, Navarro C, Granados J, Selman M (2001) Major histocompatibility complex and tumor necrosis factor-alpha polymorphisms in pigeon breeder's disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163:1528–1533

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Carrillo T, Rodriguez de Castro F, Cuevas M, Diaz F, Cabrera P (1991) Effect of cigarette smoking on the humoral immune response in pigeon fanciers. Allergy 46:241–244

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Demedts M, Wells AU, Anto JM, Costabel U, Hubbard R, Cullinan P, Slabbynck H, Rizzato G, Poletti V, Verbeken EK, Thomeer MJ, Kokkarinen J, Dalphin JC, Taylor AN (2001) Interstitial lung diseases: an epidemiological overview. Eur Respir J Suppl 32:2s–16s

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Fink JN, Schlueter DP, Sosman AJ, Unger GF, Barboriak JJ, Rimm AA, Arkins JA, Dhaliwal KS (1972) Clinical survey of pigeon breeders. Chest 62:277–281

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Christensen LT, Schmidt CD, Robbins L (1975) Pigeon breeders' disease–a prevalence study and review. Clin Allergy 5:417–430

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Curtis L, Lee BS, Cai D, Morozova I, Fan JL, Scheff P, Persky V, Einoder C, Diblee S (2002) Pigeon allergens in indoor environments: a preliminary study. Allergy 57:627–631

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Sansores R, Perez-Padilla R, Pare PD, Selman M (1992) Exponential analysis of the lung pressure-volume curve in patients with chronic pigeon-breeder's lung. Chest 101:1352–1356

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Banham SW, McKenzie H, McSharry C, Lynch PP, Boyd G (1982) Antibody against a pigeon bloom-extract: a further antigen in pigeon fanciers' lung. Clin Allergy 12:173–178

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. McSharry C, Anderson K, Boyd G (2000) A review of antigen diversity causing lung disease among pigeon breeders. Clin Exp Allergy 30:1221–1229

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Longbottom JL (1989) Pigeon breeders' disease: quantitative immunoelectrophoretic studies of pigeon bloom antigen. Clin Exp Allergy 19:619–624

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Baldwin CI, Stevens B, Connors S, Todd A, Bourke SJ, Calvert JE, Allen A (1998) Pigeon fanciers' lung: the mucin antigen is present in pigeon droppings and pigeon bloom. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 117:187–193

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Judson MA, Sahn SA (2004) Bird-years as well as pack-years. Chest 125:353–354

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Bourke SJ, Banham SW, Carter R, Lynch P, Boyd G (1989) Longitudinal course of extrinsic allergic alveolitis in pigeon breeders. Thorax 44:415–418

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Bourke SJ, Dalphin JC, Boyd G, McSharry C, Baldwin CI, Calvert JE (2001) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: current concepts. Eur Respir J Suppl 32:81s–92s

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Israel-Assayag E, Dakhama A, Lavigne S, Laviolette M, Cormier Y (1999) Expression of costimulatory molecules on alveolar macrophages in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159:1830–1834

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Baldwin CI, Todd A, Bourke S, Allen A, Calvert JE (1998) Pigeon fanciers' lung: effects of smoking on serum and salivary antibody responses to pigeon antigens. Clin Exp Immunol 113:166–172

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Blanchet MR, Israel-Assayag E, Cormier Y (2004) Inhibitory effect of nicotine on experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis in vivo and in vitro. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 169:903–909

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Allen DH, Basten A, Williams GV, Woolcock AJ (1975) Familial hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Am J Med 59:505–514

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Schuyler M (2001) Are polymorphisms the answer in hypersensitivity pneumonitis? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163:1513–1514

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Hill MR, Briggs L, Montano MM, Estrada A, Laurent GJ, Selman M, Pardo A (2004) Promoter variants in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3) protect against susceptibility in pigeon breeders' disease. Thorax 59:586–590

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Janssen R, Kruit A, Grutters JC, Ruven HJ, van Moorsel CM, van den Bosch JM (2005) TIMP-3 promoter gene polymorphisms in BFL. Thorax 60:974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Richerson HB, Bernstein IL, Fink JN, Hunninghake GW, Novey HS, Reed CE, Salvaggio JE, Schuyler MR, Schwartz HJ, Stechschulte DJ (1989) Guidelines for the clinical evaluation of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Report of the Subcommittee on Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 84:839–844

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Lacasse Y, Selman M, Costabel U, Dalphin JC, Morell F, Erkinjuntti-Pekkanen R, Mueller NL, Colby TV, Schuyler M, Jomphe V, Cormier Y (2009) Classification of hypersensitivity pneumonitis: a hypothesis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 149:161–166

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Zacharisen MC, Schlueter DP, Kurup VP, Fink JN (2002) The long-term outcome in acute, subacute, and chronic forms of pigeon breeder's disease hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 88:175–182

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Perez-Padilla R, Salas J, Chapela R, Sanchez M, Carrillo G, Perez R, Sansores R, Gaxiola M, Selman M (1993) Mortality in Mexican patients with chronic pigeon breeder's lung compared with those with usual interstitial pneumonia. Am Rev Respir Dis 148:49–53

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Grammer LC, Roberts M, Lerner C, Patterson R (1990) Clinical and serologic follow-up of four children and five adults with bird-fancier's lung. J Allergy Clin Immunol 85:655–660

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Ohtani Y, Saiki S, Sumi Y, Inase N, Miyake S, Costabel U, Yoshizawa Y (2003) Clinical features of recurrent and insidious chronic bird fancier's lung. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 90:604–610

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Allen DH, Williams GV, Woolcock AJ (1976) Bird breeder's hypersensitivity pneumonitis: progress studies of lung function after cessation of exposure to the provoking antigen. Am Rev Respir Dis 114:555–566

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Schmidt CD, Jensen RL, Christensen LT, Crapo RO, Davis JJ (1988) Longitudinal pulmonary function changes in pigeon breeders. Chest 93:359–363

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Yoshizawa Y, Miyake S, Sumi Y, Hisauchi K, Sato T, Kurup VP (1995) A follow-up study of pulmonary function tests, bronchoalveolar lavage cells, and humoral and cellular immunity in bird fancier's lung. J Allergy Clin Immunol 96:122–129

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Gaxiola M, Buendia-Roldan I, Mejia M, Carrillo G, Estrada A, Navarro MC, Rojas-Serrano J, Selman M (2011) Morphologic diversity of chronic pigeon breeder's disease: clinical features and survival. Respir Med 105:608–614

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Miyazaki Y, Tateishi T, Akashi T, Ohtani Y, Inase N, Yoshizawa Y (2008) Clinical predictors and histologic appearance of acute exacerbations in chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Chest 134:1265–1270

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Ohtani Y, Saiki S, Kitaichi M, Usui Y, Inase N, Costabel U, Yoshizawa Y (2005) Chronic bird fancier's lung: histopathological and clinical correlation. An application of the 2002 ATS/ERS consensus classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Thorax 60:665–671

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Hanak V, Golbin JM, Hartman TE, Ryu JH (2008) High-resolution CT findings of parenchymal fibrosis correlate with prognosis in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Chest 134:133–138

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Sahin H, Brown KK, Curran-Everett D, Hale V, Cool CD, Vourlekis JS, Lynch DA (2007) Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis: CT features comparison with pathologic evidence of fibrosis and survival. Radiology 244:591–598

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Sansores R, Salas J, Chapela R, Barquin N, Selman M (1990) Clubbing in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Its prevalence and possible prognostic role. Arch Intern Med 150:1849–1851

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Chapela R, Selman M, Salas J, Teran L, Fortoul T, Barquin N (1985) Effect of pregnancy and the puerperium on the development of extrinsic allergic alveolitis. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 13:305–309

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Bourke S, Anderson K, Lynch P, Boyd J, King S, Banham S, Boyd G (1989) Chronic simple bronchitis in pigeon fanciers. Relationship of cough with expectoration to avian exposure and pigeon breeders' disease. Chest 95:598–601

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Rodriguez de Castro F, Carrillo T, Castillo R, Blanco C, Diaz F, Cuevas M (1993) Relationships between characteristics of exposure to pigeon antigens. Clinical manifestations and humoral immune response. Chest 103:1059–1063

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Pelikan Z, Pelikan-Filipek M (1983) A new disease: a nasal form of pigeon breeder's disease. Allergy 38:309–318

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Colebatch HJ, Ng CK, Nikov N (1979) Use of an exponential function for elastic recoil. J Appl Physiol 46:387–393

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Wagers SS, Bouder TG, Kaminsky DA, Irvin CG (2000) The invaluable pressure-volume curve. Chest 117:578–583

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Vourlekis JS, Schwarz MI, Cherniack RM, Curran-Everett D, Cool CD, Tuder RM, King TE Jr, Brown KK (2004) The effect of pulmonary fibrosis on survival in patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Am J Med 116:662–668

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Lacasse Y, Selman M, Costabel U, Dalphin JC, Ando M, Morell F, Erkinjuntti-Pekkanen R, Muller N, Colby TV, Schuyler M, Cormier Y (2003) Clinical diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168:952–958

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Schuyler M, Cormier Y (1997) The diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Chest 111:534–536

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Girard M, Lacasse Y, Cormier Y (2009) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Allergy 64:322–334

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Terho EO (1986) Diagnostic Criteria for Farmer's Lung Disease. Am J Ind Med 10:329, (1986). 10, 329

    Google Scholar 

  72. Cormier Y, Lacasse Y (1996) Keys to the Diagnosis of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: The Role of Serum Precipitins, Lung Biopsy, and High-Resolution Computed Tomography. Clin Pulm Med 3:72–77

    Google Scholar 

  73. Cormier Y, Belanger J, Beaudoin J, Laviolette M, Beaudoin R, Hebert J (1984) Abnormal bronchoalveolar lavage in asymptomatic dairy farmers. Study of lymphocytes. Am Rev Respir Dis 130:1046–1049

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Semenzato G, Bjermer L, Costabel U, Haslam PL, Olivieri D (1990) Clinical guidelines and indications for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL): extrinsic allergic alveolitis. Eur Respir J 3:945–946, 961–949

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Murayama J, Yoshizawa Y, Ohtsuka M, Hasegawa S (1993) Lung fibrosis in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Association with CD4+ but not CD8+ cell dominant alveolitis and insidious onset. Chest 104:38–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Yoshizawa Y, Ohtani Y, Hayakawa H, Sato A, Suga M, Ando M (1999) Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis in Japan: a nationwide epidemiologic survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol 103:315–320

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Ohtani Y, Hisauchi K, Sumi Y, Miyashita Y, Sawada M, Miyake S, Yoshizawa Y (1999) Sequential changes in bronchoalveolar lavage cells and cytokines in a patient progressing from acute to chronic bird Fancier's lung disease. Intern Med 38:896–899

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Ohtani Y, Kojima K, Sumi Y, Sawada M, Inase N, Miyake S, Yoshizawa Y (2000) Inhalation provocation tests in chronic bird fancier's lung. Chest 118:1382–1389

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Pardo A, Barrios R, Gaxiola M, Segura-Valdez L, Carrillo G, Estrada A, Mejia M, Selman M (2000) Increase of lung neutrophils in hypersensitivity pneumonitis is associated with lung fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161:1698–1704

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Hartman TE (2003) The HRCT features of extrinsic allergic alveolitis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 24:419–426

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Glazer CS, Rose CS, Lynch DA (2002) Clinical and radiologic manifestations of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. J Thorac Imaging 17:261–272

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Hansell DM, Wells AU, Padley SP, Muller NL (1996) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: correlation of individual CT patterns with functional abnormalities. Radiology 199:123–128

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Silva CI, Muller NL, Lynch DA, Curran-Everett D, Brown KK, Lee KS, Chung MP, Churg A (2008) Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis: differentiation from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia by using thin-section CT. Radiology 246:288–297

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Selman M, Vargas MH (1998) Airway involvement in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 4:9–15

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Morais A, Winck JC, Delgado L, Palmares MC, Fonseca J, Moura e Sa J, Marques JA (2004) Suberosis and bird fancier's disease: a comparative study of radiological, functional and bronchoalveolar lavage profiles. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 14:26–33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Bourke SJ, Carter R, Anderson K, Boyd J, King S, Douglas B, Boyd G (1989) Obstructive airways disease in non-smoking subjects with pigeon fanciers' lung. Clin Exp Allergy 19:629–632

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Sharma OP, Fujimura N (1995) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: a noninfectious granulomatosis. Semin Respir Infect 10:96–106

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Morell F, Curull V, Orriols R, De Gracia J (1986) Skin tests in bird breeder's disease. Thorax 41:538–541

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Ramirez-Venegas A, Sansores RH, Perez-Padilla R, Carrillo G, Selman M (1998) Utility of a provocation test for diagnosis of chronic pigeon Breeder's disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158:862–869

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Patel AM, Ryu JH, Reed CE (2001) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: current concepts and future questions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 108:661–670

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Baldwin CI, Todd A, Bourke SJ, Allen A, Calvert JE (1999) Pigeon fanciers' lung: identification of disease-associated carbohydrate epitopes on pigeon intestinal mucin. Clin Exp Immunol 117:230–236

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. McSharry C, Dye GM, Ismail T, Anderson K, Spiers EM, Boyd G (2006) Quantifying serum antibody in bird fanciers' hypersensitivity pneumonitis. BMC Pulm Med 6:16

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Krasnick J, Meuwissen HJ, Nakao MA, Yeldandi A, Patterson R (1996) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: problems in diagnosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 97:1027–1030

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Churg A, Muller NL, Flint J, Wright JL (2006) Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Am J Surg Pathol 30:201–208

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Ito T, Sugino K, Satoh D, Muramatsu Y, Sano G, Sato K, Sakaguchi S, Isobe K, Sakamoto S, Takai Y, Hata Y, Shibuya K, Uekusa T, Kurosaki A, Homma S (2010) Bird fancier's lung which developed in a pigeon breeder presenting organizing pneumonia. Intern Med 49:2605–2608

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Descombes E, Gardiol D, Leuenberger P (1997) Transbronchial lung biopsy: an analysis of 530 cases with reference to the number of samples. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 52:324–329

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Perez-Padilla R, Gaxiola M, Salas J, Mejia M, Ramos C, Selman M (1996) Bronchiolitis in chronic pigeon breeder's disease. Morphologic evidence of a spectrum of small airway lesions in hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by avian antigens. Chest 110:371–377

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Fraire AE (2008) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: a commentary. Arch Pathol Lab Med 132:192–194

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Barrios RJ (2008) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: histopathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 132:199–203

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Takemura T, Akashi T, Ohtani Y, Inase N, Yoshizawa Y (2008) Pathology of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 14:440–454

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Hayakawa H, Shirai M, Sato A, Yoshizawa Y, Todate A, Imokawa S, Suda T, Chida K, Tamura R, Ishihara K, Saiki S, Ando M (2002) Clinicopathological features of chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Respirology 7:359–364

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Craig TJ, Hershey J, Engler RJ, Davis W, Carpenter GB, Salata K (1992) Bird antigen persistence in the home environment after removal of the bird. Ann Allergy 69:510–512

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Hendrick DJ, Marshall R, Faux JA, Krall JM (1981) Protective value of dust respirators in extrinsic allergic alveolitis: clinical assessment using inhalation provocation tests. Thorax 36:917–921

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Bourke S, Boyd G (1997) Pigeon fancier's lung. BMJ 315:70–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Morris G, Anderson K, McSharry C, Boyd G (1994) Gravimetric determination of dust and antigen exposure in pigeon breeders. Ann Occup Hyg 48:919–922

    Google Scholar 

  106. Morgenthau AS, Padilla ML (2009) Spectrum of fibrosing diffuse parenchymal lung disease. Mt Sinai J Med 76:2–23

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Ismail T, McSharry C, Boyd G (2006) Extrinsic allergic alveolitis. Respirology 11:262–268

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Bertorelli G, Bocchino V, Olivieri D (2000) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Eur Respir Mono 14:120–136

    Google Scholar 

  109. Kokkarinen JI, Tukiainen HO, Terho EO (1992) Effect of corticosteroid treatment on the recovery of pulmonary function in farmer's lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 145:3–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Monkare S, Haahtela T (1987) Farmer's lung–a 5-year follow-up of eighty-six patients. Clin Allergy 17:143–151

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Losa Garcia JE, Mateos Rodriguez F, Jimenez Lopez A, Garcia Salgado MJ, Martin de Cabo MR, Perez Losada J, Perez Arellano JL (1998) Effect of cyclosporin A on inflammatory cytokine production by human alveolar macrophages. Respir Med 92:722–728

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrew L. Chan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Chan, A.L., Juarez, M.M., Leslie, K.O. et al. Bird Fancier's Lung: A State-of-the-Art Review. Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol 43, 69–83 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-011-8282-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-011-8282-y

Keywords

Navigation