Variables Influencing Heart Rate
Section snippets
Age
With advancing age, the variation shown by resting heart rate in healthy subjects remains a matter of controversy, whereas a decrease in maximal heart rate has been repeatedly reported.3 Resting heart rate has been shown by most of the studies to progressively decline with aging.3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Such change has been shown to be similar (0.13 beats/y) when the effects of several confounders were removed by multivariate analysis in data coming from a cardiovascular survey,5 from the general
Influence of circadian cycle
Neurohormonal factors, posture, and level of physical activity are mainly responsible for the circadian variations of heart rate.3 Heart rate is generally lower during sleep compared with waking periods,24 the difference, irrespective of age, being about 14 beats/min.25 Recently, in a cohort of 3957 patients referred for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring,24 heart rate value during sleep, and, in particular, the absence of sleep-related decrease in heart rate were related to all-cause
Statement of Conflict of Interest
All authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
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Statement of Conflict of Interest: see page 17.