Plasma HIV RNA determinations are an important prognostic marker of disease progression and, when used appropriately, provide a valuable tool for the management of individual patients. But what constitutes appropriate use?
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Relevant articles
Open Access articles citing this article.
-
Study on Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between HS-10234 and Emtricitabine in Healthy Subjects: An Open-Label, Two-Sequence, Self-Controlled Phase I Trial
Infectious Diseases and Therapy Open Access 30 October 2021
-
Advances and insights in the diagnosis of viral infections
Journal of Nanobiotechnology Open Access 30 October 2021
-
SARS-CoV-2 viral load is associated with increased disease severity and mortality
Nature Communications Open Access 30 October 2020
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$209.00 per year
only $17.42 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
References
Wei, X. et al. Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Nature 373, 117 (1995).
Ho, D.D. et al. Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4+ lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Nature 373, 123–126 (1995).
Perelson, A.S., Neumann, A.U., Markowitz, M., Leonard, J.M. & Ho, D.D. HIV-1 dynamics in vivo: Virion clearnace rate, infected cell life-span, and viral generation time. Science 271, 1582–1586 (1996).
Ho, D.D., Moudgil, T. & Alam, M. Qunatitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the blood of infected persons. N. Engl. J. Med. 321, 1621–1625 (1989).
Coombs, R.W. et al. Plasma viremia in human immunodeficiency virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 321, 1626–1631 (1989).
Piatak, M., Jr et al. High levels of HIV-1 in plasma during all stages of infection determined by competitive PCR. Science 259, 1749–1754 (1993).
Pachl, C. et al. Rapid and precise quantification of HIV-1 RNA in plasma using a branched DNA signal amplification assay. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovir. 8, 446–454 (1995).
Mulder, J. et al. Rapid and simple PCR assay for quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in plasma: Application to acute retroviral infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32, 292–300 (1994).
Kievits, T. et al. NASBA isothermal enzymatic in vitro nucleic acid amplification optimized for the diagnosis of HIV-1 infection. J. Virol. Methods 35, 273–286 (1991).
Cao, Y. et al. Clinical evaluation of branched DNA signal amplification for quantifying HIV type 1 in human plasma. AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir. 11, 353–361 (1995).
Lin, H.J. et al. Multicenter evaluation of quantification methods for plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA. J. Infect. Dis. 170, 553–562 (1994).
Brambilla, D. et al. Variation in estimates of HIV-1 plasma RNA concentration among laboratories and assay kits. 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Jan. 28–Feb. 1, 1996, 155, abst. 550 (Washington, DC).
Holodniy, M., Mole, L., Winters, M. & Merigan, T.C. Diurnal and short-term stability of HIV virus load as measured by gene amplification. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 7, 363–368 (1994).
Clark, S.J. et al. High titers of cytopathic virus in plasma of patients with symptomatic primary HIV-1 infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 324, 954 (1991).
Holodniy, M. et al. Detection and quantification of human immunodeficiency virus RNA in patient serum by use of the polymerase chain reaction. J. Infect. Dis. 163, 862–866 (1991).
Stein, D.S., Korvick, J.A. & Vermund, S.H. CD4+ lymphocyte cell enumeration for prediction of clinical course of human immunodeficiency virus disease: a review. J. Infect. Dis. 165, 352–363 (1992).
Raboud, R.M. et al. Quantification of the variation due to laboratory and physiologic sources in CD4 lymphocyte counts of clinically stable HIV-infected individuals. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovir. 10 (suppl. 2), S67–S73 (1995).
Hoover, D.R. et al. Effect of CD4+ cell count measurement variability on staging HIV-1 infection. J. AIDS 5, 794–802 (1992).
O'Brien, W.A. et al. Changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ Lymphocyte counts and the risk of progression to AIDS. N. Engl. J. Med. 334, 425–431 (1996).
Coombs, R.W. et al. Association of plasma human immunodeficiency virus type-1 RNA level with risk of clinical progression in patients with advanced infection. J. Infect. Dis. (in the press).
Welles, S.L. et al. Prognostic value of plasma HIV-1 RNA levels in patients with advanced HIV-1 disease and with little or no zidovudine therapy. J. Infect. Dis. (in the press).
Mellors, J.W. et al. Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in plasma predicts outcome after seroconversion. Ann. Intern. Med. 122, 573–579 (1995).
Mellors, J.W. et al. Prognosis in HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma. Science (in the press).
Kappes, J.C. et al. Assessment of antiretroviral therapy by plasma viral load testing: standard and ICD HIV-1 p24 antigen and viral RNA j(QC-PCR) assays compared. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovir. 10, 139–149 (1995).
Hammer, S.M., Katzenstein, D.A., Hughes, M.D., Hirsch, M.S., Merigan, T.C. Virologic markers and outcome in ACTG 175. 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Jan. 28–Feb. 1, 1996, 175, abst. S24 (Washington, DC).
Eron, J. et al. Treatment with lamivudine, zidovudine, or both in HIV-positive patients with 200 to 500 CD4 cells per cubic millimeter. N. Engl. J. Med. 333, 1662–1669 (1995).
Danner, S.A. et al. A short-term study of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of ritonavir, an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease. N. Engl. J. Med. 333, 1528–1533 (1995).
Markowitz, M. et al. A preliminary study of ritonavir, an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease, to treat HIV-1 infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 333, 1534–1539 (1995).
Heath-Chiozzi, M. et al. Anti-HIV activity and lymphocyte surrogate marker response dynamics to ritonavir therapy in advanced HIV immunodeficiency. 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Jan. 28–Feb. 1, 1996, 162, abst. LB6b (Washington, DC).
Havlir, D., McLaughlin, M.M. & Richman, D.D. A pilot study to evaluate the development of resistance to nevirapine in asymptomatic human asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with CD4+ cell counts of >500/mm3: AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 208. J. Infect. Dis. 172, 1379–1383 (1995).
Holodniy, M. et al. Determination of human immunodeficiency virus RNA in plasma and cellular viral DNA genotypic zidovudine resistance and viral load during zidovudine-didanosine combination therapy. J. Virol. 69, 3510–3516 (1995).
Staprans, S.I. et al. Activation of virus replication after vaccination of HIV-1 infected individuals. J. Exp. Med. 182, 1727–1737 (1995).
O'Brien, W.A. et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 replication can be increased in peripheral blood of seropositive patients after influenza vaccination. Blood 86, 1082–1089 (1995).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saag, M., Holodniy, M., Kuritzkes, D. et al. HIV viral load markers in clinical practice. Nat Med 2, 625–629 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0696-625
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0696-625
This article is cited by
-
Study on Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between HS-10234 and Emtricitabine in Healthy Subjects: An Open-Label, Two-Sequence, Self-Controlled Phase I Trial
Infectious Diseases and Therapy (2022)
-
Advances and insights in the diagnosis of viral infections
Journal of Nanobiotechnology (2021)
-
SARS-CoV-2 viral load is associated with increased disease severity and mortality
Nature Communications (2020)
-
Utility Of POC Xpert HIV-1 Tests For Detection-Quantification Of Complex HIV Recombinants Using Dried Blood Spots From Kinshasa, D. R. Congo
Scientific Reports (2019)
-
Mitochondrial haplogroup H is related to CD4+ T cell recovery in HIV infected patients starting combination antiretroviral therapy
Journal of Translational Medicine (2018)