We read with interest the paper entitled “Rectal adenocarcinoma with oncocytic features: possible relationship with pre-operative chemoradiotherapy” published in the October issue of this journal (1). In this paper 5 cases of rectal carcinomas mainly composed of oncocytic cells are reported. All the five cases underwent radio and chemotherapy before surgery. The Authors suggest t...
We read with interest the paper entitled “Rectal adenocarcinoma with oncocytic features: possible relationship with pre-operative chemoradiotherapy” published in the October issue of this journal (1). In this paper 5 cases of rectal carcinomas mainly composed of oncocytic cells are reported. All the five cases underwent radio and chemotherapy before surgery. The Authors suggest that radio and chemotherapy might be responsible for the oncocytic features observed. In a recent previous study (2) based on 28 cases of advanced rectal carcinomas treated pre-operatively with radio and chemotherapy, according to a protocol similar to that applied in the paper by Rouzbahman et al. (1) we had almost the same results. Oncocytic changes were searched on haematoxylin and eosin and with an immunohistochemical method using an anti-mitochondrial antibody, both on the endoscopic biopsy performed before treatment and on the surgical specimen (after treatment). Oncocytic changes were difficult to find on haematoxylin-eosin stained slides, in pre-treatment biopsies, while immunohistochemistry revealed that
neoplastic cells were rich in mitochondria. Oncocytic changes were very evident on haematoxylin-eosin stained slides in post-treatment specimens. In addition ultrastructural examination performed in two cases confirmed
the oncocytic modifications. Our conclusions were that rectal carcinomas are “mitochondrion rich” tumours that acquire a definite oncocytic phenotype after radio-
chemotherapy. It has been demonstrated that damage to mitochondrial DNA may be responsible for drug resistance (3,4). In addition thyroid carcinomas with oncocytic features are less responsive to radioactive iodine (5).
Recently, a case of oncocytic meningioma with rapid progression after radiosurgery was observed at our Institution (6). All these data support the concept that mitchondrion enrichment might be responsible for resistance to radio and chemotherapy.
Maria P.Foschini, Andrea Ambrosini-Spaltro, Christine M. Betts°.
Section of Pathology, University of Bologna, at Ospedale Bellaria
Bologna (Italy).
°Dept. of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Bologna (Italy).
References:
1. Rouzbahman M, Serra S, Chetty R. Rectal adenocarcinoma with
oncocytic features: possible relationship with pre-operative
chemoradiotherapy. J Clin Pathol 2006;59:1039-1043.
2. Ambrosini-Spaltro A, Salvi F, Betts CM, et al. Oncocytic modifications
in rectal adenocarcinomas after radio and chemotherapy. Virchows Archiv
2006; 448:442-448.
3. Lièvre A, Chaupsot C, Bouvier Am, et al. Clinical value of
mitochondrial mutations in colorectal cencer. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:3517-
3525.
4. Xu R, Pelicano H, Zhou Y, et al. Inhibition of glycolysis in cancer
cells: a novel strategy to overcome drug resistance associated with
mitochondrial respiratory defect and hypoxia. Cancer Res 2005;665:613-621.
5. Màximo V, Sobrinho-Simoes M. Hurtle cell tumours of thyroid. A review
with emphasis on mitochondrial abnormalities with clinical relevance.
Virchiws Archiv 2000; 437:107-115.
6. Marucci G, Betts CM, Frank G, et al. Oncocytic mengingioma: Description
of a case with progression after radiosurgery. Int J Surg Pathol 2007; in
press.
In the article by Weiss et al. 'No evidence for a direct role of Helicobacter pylori and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in carotid artery atherosclerosis' the authors conclude that the absence and/or random distribution of select pathogens (i.e. H pylori and M pneumoniae)
precludes their direct role in the development of atherosclerosis. Given the rather small sample size of this study (36 patients), and the larg...
In the article by Weiss et al. 'No evidence for a direct role of Helicobacter pylori and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in carotid artery atherosclerosis' the authors conclude that the absence and/or random distribution of select pathogens (i.e. H pylori and M pneumoniae)
precludes their direct role in the development of atherosclerosis. Given the rather small sample size of this study (36 patients), and the larger collection of data which supports a role for microbial pathogens in atherogenesis this conclusion may be premature. Numerous studies have
isolated H. pylori DNA from atherosclerotic lesions providing an association of this bacterium in atherogenesis (1,2). Furthermore, treatment of H pylori infections has shown to reduce coronary restenosis
in patients after percutanerous transluminal coronary angioplasty (3) suggesting a causal relationship between H. pylori and atherogenesis. Through technological advancement and modification of current PCR methods,
solutions for optimizing sensitivity while maintaining specificity may further our understanding of the relationship of pathogens like H pylori and the development of atherosclerosis (4). Thus, the call for larger
patient group studies adjusting for confounding factors such as age, race, family history of coronary artery disease, cigarette smoking and hypertension are necessary to study the causality relationships that may exist between microbial pathogens and atherogenesis (5).
References
1. Franceschi F, Leo D, Fini L, Santoliquido A, Flore R, Tondi P,
Roccarina D, Nista EC, Cazzato AI, Lupascu A, Pola P, Silveri NG,
Gasbarrini G, Gasbarrini A. Helicobacter pylori infection and ischaemic
heart disease: an overview of the general literature. Dig Liver Dis. 2005:
37(5):301-8.
2. Kowalski M, Pawlik M, Konturek JW, Konturek SJ. Helicobacter
pylori infection in coronary artery disease. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006; 57
Suppl 3:101-11.
3. Kowalski M. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in coronary
artery disease: influence of H. pylori eradication on coronary artery
lumen after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. The detection
of H. pylori specific DNA in human coronary atherosclerotic plaque. J
Physiol Pharmacol 2001; 52 (Suppl. 1): 3-31.
4. Arias E, Martinetto H, Schultz M, Ameriso S, Rivera S, Lossetti O,
Sevlever G. Seminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting
Helicobacter pylori DNA in carotid atheromas. Diagn Mol Pathol. 2006;
15(3):174-9.
5. Gois J, Higuchi M, Reis M, Diament J, Sousa J, Ramires J, Oliveira
S. Infectious Agents, Inflammation, and Growth Factors: How Do They
Interact in the Progression or Stabilization of Mild Human Atherosclerotic
Lesions? Ann Vasc Surg. 2006 Sep 17, published online.
We read with interest the section in this review of duodenal pathology describing AIDS enteropathy. However, the histological description of the lesion by Serra and Jani 1 does not accurately reflect the majority of literature on the subject and the comments regarding pathogenesis are confused.
We read with interest the section in this review of duodenal pathology describing AIDS enteropathy. However, the histological description of the lesion by Serra and Jani 1 does not accurately reflect the majority of literature on the subject and the comments regarding pathogenesis are confused.
The pathogenesis of villous atrophy in the small intestinal mucosa of many patients infected with HIV (HIV enteropathy), and the significance of reduced mucosal absorptive surface area in the aetiology of diarrhoea,
remain controversial in spite of two decades of investigation.2 The bowel is one system which merits further study in AIDS.3 The paper of Serra and Jani describes villous atrophy with crypt hypoproliferation, and yet also details a hyper-regenerative crypt response to villous atrophy mediated by cytokine effects.
Villous atrophy in the small intestine of patients infected with HIV has indeed been associated with both hyperproliferative4-8 and hypoproliferative9-11 activity in crypts. There is also some evidence based on studies of primates infected with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus that a hyperproliferative enteropathy may evolve into a hypoproliferative state later in the course of the disease.12 Furthermore, there is confusion regarding whether changes in crypt cell kinetics are a regenerative response to enterocyte shedding and villous collapse, or whether they cause villous shortening.13 The changes in mucosal structure observed in HIV enteropathy bear some similarities to the lesion of coeliac disease, although severe villous atrophy is seen rarely in HIV-infected patients. Coeliac disease is mediated by a T cell response in the intestinal lamina propria mounted against antigenic gluten peptides.14 A response to damage and loss of villous enterocytes, increased proliferation of crypt epithelial cells induced by local growth factors, mucosal response to luminal nutrients, and increased degradation of the extracellular matrix support of the villous structure all may contribute to the mucosal changes observed in an enteropathy.13 14 It is not clear whether these phenomena are causally linked, and if so, which are primary or secondary events. There is evidence from fetal explant experiments, however, that crypt cell hyperplasia induced by mucosal T cell activation is the primary mucosal response and that this precedes villous atrophy.15 16 More recently we have shown that hyperplasia affects both transit and stem cells of the crypt epithelium in patients infected with HIV.17
A close correlation is present in the small bowel mucosa of patients infected with HIV between crypt hypertrophy and reduced villous surface area. 4 5 This structural relationship in the crypt/villus unit indicates either that crypt elongation encroaches on villous height, or that villous collapse stimulates crypt hyperplasia. Crypt hypertrophy is the mucosal response of human fetal explants to HIV infection, indicating that accelerated crypt kinetics is the driving force in the pathogenesis of
villous atrophy in the intestine of AIDS patients.18 Crypt cell hyperplasia is the primary mucosal lesion in this enteropathy, driving immature enterocytes onto the sides of villi and reducing absorptive villous surface area by shifting the crypt/villus junction in a luminal direction.
The contribution of this pathology to the malabsorption and weight loss these patients suffer is as yet unclear. There is a strong correlation between fat malabsorption and jejunal villous atrophy in HIV positive patients in the absence of enteropathogens. Whilst this tructural-functional relationship in the crypt/villus unit accounts for
diarrhoea and weight loss in some of the patients, it is important to recognise that factors other than enteropathy may be responsible for these symptoms in others, such as exocrine pancreatic insufficiency,19 gut autonomic neuropathy 20 and drug therapy.
References
1. Serra S, Jani P A. An approach to duodenal biopsies. J Clin
Pathol 2006; 59: 1133-1150.
2. Kotler D P, Gaetz H P, Lange M, Klein E B, Holt P R. Enteropathy
associated with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Ann Intern Med
1984; 101: 421 - 428.
3. Levy J A. HIV and the Pathogenesis of AIDS; 2nd Edition, Preface.
1998. ASM Press.
4. Batman P A, Miller A R O, Forster S M, Harris J R W, Pinching A J,
Griffin G E. Jejunal enteropathy associated with human immunodeficiency
virus infection: quantitative histology. Journal of Clinical Pathology
1989; 42: 275 - 281.
5. Batman P A, Kapembwa M S, Miller A R O, et al. HIV Enteropathy:
Comparative Morphometry of the Jejunal Mucosa of HIV infected patients
resident in the United Kingdom and Uganda. Gut 1998; 43: 350 – 355.
6. Kotler D P, Francisco A, Clayton F, Scholes J V, Orenstein J M. Small
intestinal injury and parasitic diseases in AIDS. Ann Intern Med 1990;
113: 444 - 449.
7. Greenson J K, Belitsos P C, Yardley J H, Bartlett J G. AIDS
enteropathy: occult enteric infections and duodenal mucosal alterations in
chronic diarrhoea. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 366 - 372.
8. Heise C, Dandekar S, Kumar P, Duplantier R, Donovan R M, Halsted C H.
Human immunodeficiency virus infection of enterocytes and mononuclear
cells in human jejunal mucosa. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 1521 - 1527.
9. Ullrich R, Zeitz M, Heise W, L'age M, Höffken G, Riecken E O. Small
intestinal structure and function in patients infected with Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Evidence for HIV-induced enteropathy. Ann
Intern Med 1989; 111: 15 - 21.
10. Anonymous. HIV-Associated Enteropathy. Lancet 1989; 2: 777 – 778.
11. Ullrich R, Riecken E O, Zeitz M. HIV-Induced Enteropathy. Immunol Res
1991; 10: 456 – 464.
12. Zeitz M, Ullrich R, Schneider T, Kewenig S, Hohloch K, Riecken E O.
HIV/SIV Enteropathy. Ann NY Acad Sci 1998; 859: 139 – 148.
13. Wong W M, Wright N A. Cell Proliferation in Gastrointestinal Mucosa. J
Clin Pathol 1999; 52: 321 – 333.
14. Sollid L M. Molecular Basis of Coeliac Disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2000;
18: 53 – 81.
15. MacDonald T T, Spencer J. Evidence that activated mucosal T cells play
a role in the pathogenesis of enteropathy in human small intestine. J Exp
Med 1988; 167: 1341 - 1349.
16. Ferreira R da C, Forsyth L E, Richman P I, Wells C, Spencer J,
MacDonald T T. Changes in the rate of crypt epithelial cell proliferation
and mucosal morphology induced by a T-cell-mediated response in human
small intestine. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 1255 - 1263.
17. Batman P A, Kotler D P, Kapembwa M S, Booth D, Potten C S, Orenstein J
M, Scally A J, Griffin G E.
HIV Enteropathy: Crypt stem and transit cell hyperproliferation induces
villous atrophy in HIV/Microsporidia-infected jejunal mucosa. AIDS; in
press.
18. Batman P A, Fleming S C, Sedgwick P M, MacDonald T T, Griffin G E. HIV
infection of human foetal intestinal explant cultures induces epithelial
cell proliferation. AIDS 1994; 8: 161 – 167.
19 Kapembwa M.S, Fleming S.C, Griffin G.E, Caun K, Pinching A.J, Harris
J.R.W.
Fat absorption and exocrine pancreatic function in human
immunodeficiency virus infection. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 1990; 273:
49 – 56.
20 Batman P A, Miller A.R.O, Sedgwick M.P, Griffin G.E.G. Autonomic
denervation in jejunal mucosa of homosexual men infected with HIV. AIDS
1991; 5:1247 – 1252.
P A Batman, MD FRCPath, Consultant Histopathologist, Bradford
Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, UK
M S Kapembwa, PhD FRCP, Consultant Physician, Northwick Park Hospital, UK
This interesting paper raises important points regarding the staging of renal carcinomas using the TNM classification of malignant tumours (2). In particular, one of the take-home messages was the need for further
clarification of the type of vessel that must be invaded for tumours to be staged as pT3b. In fact, clarifications regarding the staging system for renal tumours had been sought from the TNM com...
This interesting paper raises important points regarding the staging of renal carcinomas using the TNM classification of malignant tumours (2). In particular, one of the take-home messages was the need for further
clarification of the type of vessel that must be invaded for tumours to be staged as pT3b. In fact, clarifications regarding the staging system for renal tumours had been sought from the TNM committee (personal communications, LH Sobin) during the revision of the Royal College of
Pathologists Dataset for Reporting Adult Renal Parenchymal Tumours, and are worth re-emphasising here.
As far as TNM staging is concerned, renal vein invasion only upstages the tumour to pT3b if it is seen macroscopically. The 6th edition (2) is more explicit in the definition of the renal vein(s) by making reference
to the inclusion of the larger calibre tributaries. The statement that the walls of these tributaries contain smooth muscle, an observation that is largely microscopic, further defines the relevant vessels but does not imply that microscopic identification is sufficient. The need for a
careful macroscopic examination is inherent to the TNM system and this requirement for staging purposes has recently been stressed (3). Drs Soilleux and Roberts (1) highlight the fact that, with experience and diligence, most of the cases of renal sinus vein invasion in their series
were visible macroscopically. In that case, the 47.7% increase in the percentage of tumours staged as pT3b is probably real. However, they state that, as per protocol, further blocks were taken if the initial sections of the renal sinus failed to reveal vascular invasion. This is
not necessary for staging purposes as microvascular invasion identified by random sampling does not upstage a tumour, although it may be of prognostic significance (4). Elsewhere (3), it has been suggested that microvascular invasion in perinephric tissues could upstage a tumour to pT3a. However, such upstaging only occurs in the TNM system if there is direct invasion of perinephric tissues. The reference to renal sinus fat as perinephric tissue in the 6th edition (2) was not a change in the definition of perinephric tissues but a clarification of what these
include. Histological identification of invasion of vessels in perinephric tissues or elsewhere can be recorded using the optional TNM categories for lymphatic or vascular invasion (2).
As the authors mention, whether it makes biological sense to insist on macroscopic renal vein invasion for staging purposes is unclear, although, intuitively, the presence of grossly visible tumour thrombus
would suggest a more aggressive tumour. The problem is that the TNM system does not have an evidence base that can be examined and either disputed or confirmed. It has historically been the result of consensus, rather than systematic evidence review, and modifications, including a
literature watch, were only introduced after the last edition, with the aim of continuously improving the system (5). This will hopefully result in more transparency and better prognostication.
References:
1. Soilleux EJ, Roberts IS. Assessment of the Cardiff nephrectomy cut-up protocol with total blocking of the renal sinus: effect on tumour staging and practical issues. J Clin Pathol 2006;59:1209-11.
2. Sobin LH, Wittekind C. TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours., 6th edition. New York: Wiley-Liss, 2002.
3. Fleming S, Griffiths DF. Best Practice No 180. Nephrectomy for renal tumour; dissection guide and dataset. J Clin Pathol 2005;58:7-14.
4. Sorbellini M, Kattan MW, Snyder ME, et al. A postoperative prognostic nomogram predicting recurrence for patients with conventional clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 2005;173:48-51.
5. Gospodarowicz MK, Miller D, Groome PA, et al. The process for continuous improvement of the TNM classification. Cancer 2004;100:1-5.
In the current report by Nowicki et al. the authors review and discuss the probable role of substance P in childhood leukemias and solid bone cancers, and the use of substance P antagonists for treatment (1). As reviewed by the authors, there is much evidence to support a role for substance P in carcinogenesis. Others have suggested substance P may induce mitogenesis through activation of neurokinin-1 recep...
In the current report by Nowicki et al. the authors review and discuss the probable role of substance P in childhood leukemias and solid bone cancers, and the use of substance P antagonists for treatment (1). As reviewed by the authors, there is much evidence to support a role for substance P in carcinogenesis. Others have suggested substance P may induce mitogenesis through activation of neurokinin-1 receptor (2), and inhibition of substance P signal transduction may indeed prove to be an effective treatment option (3). In these days of molecular medicine, specific targets for the treatment of neoplasms are continuously being sought (4, 5).
References
1. Nowicki M, Ostalska-Nowicka D, Kondraciuk B, and Miskowiak B. The significance of substance P in physiological and malignant hematopoiesis. J Clin Pathol 2006, on-line, 15 December 2006.
2. Esteban F, Munoz M, Gonzalez-Moles MA, Rosso M. A role for substance P in cancer promotion and progression: a mechanism to counteract intracellular death signals following oncogene activation or DNA damage.
Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2006; 25(1):137-45
3.Yamaguchi K, Richardson MD, Bigner DD, Kwatra MM. Signal transduction through substance P receptor in human glioblastoma cells: roles for Src and PKCdelta. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2005;56(6):585-93.
4. Herbst RS, Lippman SM. Molecular signatures of lung cancer- toward personalized therapy. N Engl J Med. 2007; ;356(1):76-8.
5. Muss HB. Targeted therapy for metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355(26):2783-5.
We read with interest the article by Mescoli et al. on the high prevalence of isolated tumours cells in regional lymph nodes from pN0 colorectal cancer (CRC). [1] Based on a detailed study of resected lymph nodes, Mescoli et al reported that more than 50% of pN0-CRC patients have
isolated tumour cells (ITC) in the mesenteric lymph nodes and ITC status significantly correlated with cancer stage and vascular c...
We read with interest the article by Mescoli et al. on the high prevalence of isolated tumours cells in regional lymph nodes from pN0 colorectal cancer (CRC). [1] Based on a detailed study of resected lymph nodes, Mescoli et al reported that more than 50% of pN0-CRC patients have
isolated tumour cells (ITC) in the mesenteric lymph nodes and ITC status significantly correlated with cancer stage and vascular cancer invasion. The existence of nodal micrometastases has been previously reported in lung and breast cancers and probably occurs with all malignancies. [2,3] Izbicki et al. in a similar study on NSCLC, reported micrometastases in 27.4% of pathological N0 and 45% of pathological N1 histological negative mediastinal nodes using more sensitive monoclonal immunostaining methods.
[2] The current study further contributes to the increasing evidence that what clinicians considered as early stage cancers are probably systemic in nature by the time of diagnosis or treatment. This is important as it highlights 3 major relevant points. Firstly, with supporting studies now reporting that lymphogenesis in addition to previously known angiogenesis predicting tumour spread, it is becoming very clear how inadequate the current staging modalities are, which as yet does not take into account the presence of ITC. Secondly, all surgical tumour resection should include at least a sampling of the local regional lymph nodes in all cancers and using immunohistochemistry will provide clinicians with a more accurate system of tumour staging. The inclusion of local regional lymph nodes sampling is important and in a study by Chong et al., the inclusion of systematic mediastinal lymph nodes dissection in early clinical N0-1 NSCLC, reported the presence of pathological N2 disease in 27% of cases who were considered early NSCLC using current clinical staging methods. [4] Lastly, with the existence of ITC in local regional lymph nodes of early stage cancers, the question arises whether adjuvant chemotherapy has any beneficial role. Certainly the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in early stage 1B NSCLC has in recent years been proven with a reported 5%
overall survival benefit. [5] Any beneficial effects of adjuvant chemotherapy in early stage cancers will certainly have to outweigh the risk of side effects associated with current chemotherapy regimens and perhaps future development of chemotherapy regimens with better safety profile and fewer or even no side effects may yet shift this balance and improve the current survival curve of early malignancies further.
Reference
1. Mescoli C, Rugge M, Pucciarelli S, et al. High prevalence of isolated
tumour cells in regional lymph nodes from pN0 colorectal cancer. J Clin Pathol. 2006; 59:870-4. Epub 2006 Apr 7.
2. Izbicki JR, Passlick B, Hosch SB, et al. Mode of spread in the early phase of lymphatic metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer: significance of nodal micrometastasis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996; 112:623-30.
3. Ku NN. Pathologic examination of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 1999; 8:469-79.
4. Chong CF, Leong KL, Lim TK, et al. Comparison of clinical with pathological nodal staging from systematic mediastinal lymph node dissection in early stage non-small cell lung cancer. Singapore Med J (In Press).
5. Winton T, Livingston R, Johnson D, et al; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group; National Cancer Institute of the United States Intergroup JBR.10 Trial Investigators. Vinorelbine plus Cisplatin
vs. Observation in Resected Non¨CSmall-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:258.
I read with interest the recent report of two cases of ‘Russell body gastritis’ by Paik and colleagues.[1] The authors described the association of their cases with Helicobacter pylori infection, and proposed that chronic infection by this organism may have caused the overproduction of immunoglobulins by the plasma cells leading to the conspicuous Russell body formation. The original report of Russell body g...
I read with interest the recent report of two cases of ‘Russell body gastritis’ by Paik and colleagues.[1] The authors described the association of their cases with Helicobacter pylori infection, and proposed that chronic infection by this organism may have caused the overproduction of immunoglobulins by the plasma cells leading to the conspicuous Russell body formation. The original report of Russell body gastritis was also associated with Helicobacter infection,[2] as was a
more recent additional case documented by Ensari and colleagues.[3] In contrast, the cases reported by Erbersdobler et al, and by Drut and Olenchuk, were negative for Helicobacter pylori.[4,5]
We recently documented a similar inflammatory process involving the uterine cervix in a 46-year female presenting with an abnormal screening Pap smear.[6] No specific infective organism was identified and the lesion appeared to resolve spontaneously in that follow up Pap smear and
colposcopy were negative. A further example of non-gastric Russell body rich inflammation was described in a patient with Barrett’s oesophagus.[7] No organisms were documented in this patient. Therefore it would appear that not all cases of Russell body gastritis are associated with
Helicobacter infection, and that Russell body-rich inflammatory infiltrates may involve mucosal sites other than the stomach. The significance of this unusual reactive process remains uncertain. Interestingly, one of the patients with Russell body gastritis was also HIV-positive,[5] but none of the other cases appears to have been associated with immunosuppression.
References
1. Paik S, Kim S-H, Kim J-H, Yang WI, Lee YC. Russell body gastritis associated with Helicobacter pylori infection: a case report. J Clin Pathol 2006; 59: 1316-9.
2. Tazawa K, Tsutsumi Y. Localised accumulation of Russell body-containing plasma cells in gastric mucosa with Helicobacter pylori infection: ‘Russell body gastritis’. Pathol Int 1998; 48: 242-4.
3. Ensari A, Savas B, Okcu Heper A, Kuzu I, Idilman R. An unusual presentation of Helicobacter pylori infection: so-called “Russell body gastritis’. Virchows Arch 2005; 446: 463-6.
4. Erbersdobler A, Petri S, Lock G. Russell body gastritis: an unusual, tumor-like lesion of the gastric mucosa. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2004; 128: 915-7.
5. Drut R, Olenchuk AB. Images in pathology. Russell body gastritis in an HIV-positive patient. Int J Surg Pathol 2006; 14: 141-2.
6. Stewart CJR, Leake R. Reactive plasmacytic infiltration with numerous Russell bodies involving the uterine cervix: ‘Russell body cervicitis’. Pathology 2006; 38: 177-9.
7. Rubio CA. Mott cell (Russell bodies) Barrett’s oesophagitis. In Vivo 2005; 19: 1097-1100.
M. Stanley has summarized and reviewed the importance of the recently available human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine 1. In addition to this summary, I would like to stress the importance of the significant education initiatives that will be necessary to implement the success of the HPV vaccination. Yes, the vaccination may have the ability to reduce up to 70% of the HPV-associated cervical cancers...
M. Stanley has summarized and reviewed the importance of the recently available human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine 1. In addition to this summary, I would like to stress the importance of the significant education initiatives that will be necessary to implement the success of the HPV vaccination. Yes, the vaccination may have the ability to reduce up to 70% of the HPV-associated cervical cancers we know today, however variability in socidemographic characteristics, confusion over the sexually transmissible nature of the disease and the education of health-
care workers and the media are crucial factors in making the genesis of this vaccination program successful. Along with the continuation of the gold standard PAP smear/test the new HPV vaccine shows considerable promise to help reduce and/or eradicate many cervical cancers 2. That said, HPV vaccination is also a double edged sword. The more complicated ethical reality of health care disparities and parental consent for childhood vaccination may detract from an effective vaccination program. Time will tell.
References: 1 Stanley M. Prophylactic HPV Vaccines. Published online 26 Jan 2007; J. Clin. Pathol. doi:10.1136/jcp.2006.040568
2 Dekker AH. Fostering acceptance of human papillomavirus vaccines. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2006 ;106(3 Suppl 1):S14-8.
We are writing with respect to the following article: S Badvie, A Hanna-Morris, HJN Andreyev, P Cohen, S Saini, and TG Allen-Mersh A “field change” of inhibited apoptosis occurs in colorectal mucosa adjacent to colorectal adenocarcinoma. J Clin Pathol 2006:59: 942-946. We agree with the authors’ main conclusion that their findings are consistent with a field change of inhibited apoptosis in mucosa adjacent...
We are writing with respect to the following article: S Badvie, A Hanna-Morris, HJN Andreyev, P Cohen, S Saini, and TG Allen-Mersh A “field change” of inhibited apoptosis occurs in colorectal mucosa adjacent to colorectal adenocarcinoma. J Clin Pathol 2006:59: 942-946. We agree with the authors’ main conclusion that their findings are consistent with a field change of inhibited apoptosis in mucosa adjacent to colorectal carcinoma. However, we do take issue with their statements in the Introduction and Discussion that “...during colorectal carcinogenesis, a field change in apoptosis has not been reported.” Previous publications 1-5 also have reported field changes of increased apoptosis resistance in the non-neoplastic colonic mucosa in colon carcinogenesis. Nevertheless, the report by Badvie et al. complements these earlier reports by showing increased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL, a result not previously reported, and is thus a worthwhile addition to our understanding of field defects in colorectal cancer.
References:
1 Payne CM, Bernstein H, Bernstein C, et al. The role of apoptosis in biology and pathology. J Ultrastruct Path 1995;19:221-48.
2 Garewal H, Bernstein H, Bernstein C, et al. Reduced bile-acid induced apoptosis in “normal” colorectal mucosa: a biomarker for cancer risk. Cancer Res 1996;56:1480-3.
3 Bernstein C, Bernstein H, Garewal H, et al. Resistance to bile acid-induced apoptosis in "normal" colorectal mucosa and its association with cancer risk. Cancer Res 1999;59:2353-7.
4 Bernstein H, Holubec H, Payne CM, et al. Patchy field defects of apoptosis resistance and dedifferentiation characterize flat mucosa of colon cancer patients. Annals of Surg Oncol 2002;9:505-17.
5 Bernstein H, Holubec H, Bernstein C, et al. Reduced Pms2 in non-neoplastic flat mucosa from patients with colon cancer correlates with reduced apoptosis competence. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2006;14:166-72.
The world literature clearly recognises the role of the
bone marrow trephine (BMT) biopsy in the investigation of haematological disorders and its flexibility in providing both diagnostic and prognostic information, an example of which appeared in the August edition of this journal This
article gives an excellent account of the methodology employed and the accompanying illustrations clearly demonstrate th...
The world literature clearly recognises the role of the
bone marrow trephine (BMT) biopsy in the investigation of haematological disorders and its flexibility in providing both diagnostic and prognostic information, an example of which appeared in the August edition of this journal This
article gives an excellent account of the methodology employed and the accompanying illustrations clearly demonstrate the results of the wide array of investigations undertaken.
The authors talk about the use of resin embedding media
noting that ‘resin embedding and semi-thin sections provide the best morphology; there have been questions on preservation of antigens and nucleic acids. However, RNA preservation and suitability for ISH analyses of mRNA is not
clear’. They also discuss the need for specialised technology and skill and the additional associated costs. For these reasons the authors felt that the wax embedding would be their method of choice, the principles of
their approach being that the results gave excellent morphology without compromising preservation of antigens and nucleic acids. They also required the method to be simple and integrated with standard processing schedules and for it to be inexpensive and non-toxic.
We have been able to meet all of these criteria with the
added benefit of superior morphology by using Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) as the embedding medium. The reagent is cheap (<£8.00 for 500ml), easy to dispose of safely as an inert solid, and easily sectioned using disposable glass knives. There are several advantages to this practice in that the need for decalcification is greatly reduced and greater support of the tissue facilitates the routine production of 1-2ìm sections, thereby improving the quality of cell morphology on histological sections, within 24 hours of receipt.
The choice of resin is critical. Methyl methacrylate
provides a stable and reliable embedding medium which has the added benefit of being readily removed from sections and thus does not inhibit the use of either conventional or immunohistochemical staining methods. We reciprocate in
regular use, the range of antibodies demonstrated by Naresh et al. We also can demonstrate kappa and lambda light chains using ISH in trephines embedded in MMA.
As they authors rightly conclude, the ideal method for
handling BMT specimens should be worked out at each institution. In Aberdeen we have found that initial fixation in 10% NBF followed by six hours in EDTA-NBF provides excellent morphology. Specimens are dehydrated overnight on an automated tissue processor, which is also has the facility to process specimens for EM, and embedded the following morning in fresh MMA. Polymerisation takes three hours thus specimens received late afternoon are embedded, cut and sectioned by the following lunch time. Urgent
requests for ICC can be dealt with the same day and the results available within forty eight hours.
We also find that technical staff easily adapt to
sectioning resin embedded material and the staining methods, dye based and immunohistological, are identical to those employed for wax embedded tissue. Antigen retrieval methods do not need to be changed and the ISH techniques required only minimal adaptation to the manufacturer’s instructions.
The results of both the Hammersmith protocol and that used in Aberdeen are comparable; the biggest advantage of our method must be the reduction in turnaround time of BMT specimens.
Dear Editor
We read with interest the paper entitled “Rectal adenocarcinoma with oncocytic features: possible relationship with pre-operative chemoradiotherapy” published in the October issue of this journal (1). In this paper 5 cases of rectal carcinomas mainly composed of oncocytic cells are reported. All the five cases underwent radio and chemotherapy before surgery. The Authors suggest t...
Dear Editor
In the article by Weiss et al. 'No evidence for a direct role of Helicobacter pylori and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in carotid artery atherosclerosis' the authors conclude that the absence and/or random distribution of select pathogens (i.e. H pylori and M pneumoniae) precludes their direct role in the development of atherosclerosis. Given the rather small sample size of this study (36 patients), and the larg...
Dear Editor
Re: My Approach. An approach to duodenal biopsies
We read with interest the section in this review of duodenal pathology describing AIDS enteropathy. However, the histological description of the lesion by Serra and Jani 1 does not accurately reflect the majority of literature on the subject and the comments regarding pathogenesis are confused.
The pathogenesis of villous at...
Dear Editor
This interesting paper raises important points regarding the staging of renal carcinomas using the TNM classification of malignant tumours (2). In particular, one of the take-home messages was the need for further clarification of the type of vessel that must be invaded for tumours to be staged as pT3b. In fact, clarifications regarding the staging system for renal tumours had been sought from the TNM com...
Dear Editor,
In the current report by Nowicki et al. the authors review and discuss the probable role of substance P in childhood leukemias and solid bone cancers, and the use of substance P antagonists for treatment (1). As reviewed by the authors, there is much evidence to support a role for substance P in carcinogenesis. Others have suggested substance P may induce mitogenesis through activation of neurokinin-1 recep...
Dear Editor
We read with interest the article by Mescoli et al. on the high prevalence of isolated tumours cells in regional lymph nodes from pN0 colorectal cancer (CRC). [1] Based on a detailed study of resected lymph nodes, Mescoli et al reported that more than 50% of pN0-CRC patients have isolated tumour cells (ITC) in the mesenteric lymph nodes and ITC status significantly correlated with cancer stage and vascular c...
Dear Editor
I read with interest the recent report of two cases of ‘Russell body gastritis’ by Paik and colleagues.[1] The authors described the association of their cases with Helicobacter pylori infection, and proposed that chronic infection by this organism may have caused the overproduction of immunoglobulins by the plasma cells leading to the conspicuous Russell body formation. The original report of Russell body g...
Dear Editor,
M. Stanley has summarized and reviewed the importance of the recently available human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine 1. In addition to this summary, I would like to stress the importance of the significant education initiatives that will be necessary to implement the success of the HPV vaccination. Yes, the vaccination may have the ability to reduce up to 70% of the HPV-associated cervical cancers...
Dear Editor
We are writing with respect to the following article: S Badvie, A Hanna-Morris, HJN Andreyev, P Cohen, S Saini, and TG Allen-Mersh A “field change” of inhibited apoptosis occurs in colorectal mucosa adjacent to colorectal adenocarcinoma. J Clin Pathol 2006:59: 942-946. We agree with the authors’ main conclusion that their findings are consistent with a field change of inhibited apoptosis in mucosa adjacent...
Dear Editor
The world literature clearly recognises the role of the bone marrow trephine (BMT) biopsy in the investigation of haematological disorders and its flexibility in providing both diagnostic and prognostic information, an example of which appeared in the August edition of this journal This article gives an excellent account of the methodology employed and the accompanying illustrations clearly demonstrate th...
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