PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Silcocks, P B
TI  - Measuring repeatability and validity of histological diagnosis--a brief review with some practical examples.
AID  - 10.1136/jcp.36.11.1269
DP  - 1983 Nov 01
TA  - Journal of Clinical Pathology
PG  - 1269--1275
VI  - 36
IP  - 11
4099  - http://jcp.bmj.com/content/36/11/1269.short
4100  - http://jcp.bmj.com/content/36/11/1269.full
SO  - J Clin Pathol1983 Nov 01; 36
AB  - Evaluation of histological diagnosis requires an index of agreement (to measure repeatability and validity) together with a method of assessing bias. Cohen's kappa statistic appears to be the most suitable tool for measuring levels of agreement, which if unsatisfactory may be caused by bias. Further study of bias is possible by examining levels of agreement for each diagnostic category or by searching for categories of disagreement in which more observations occur than would be expected by chance alone. This article gives reasons for choosing the kappa statistic, with examples illustrating its calculation and the investigation of bias.