TY - JOUR T1 - In vitro susceptibility of <em>Clostridium difficile</em> to rifaximin and rifampin in 359 consecutive isolates at a university hospital in Houston, Texas JF - Journal of Clinical Pathology JO - J Clin Pathol SP - 355 LP - 358 DO - 10.1136/jcp.2009.071688 VL - 63 IS - 4 AU - Z-D Jiang AU - H L DuPont AU - M La Rocco AU - K W Garey Y1 - 2010/04/01 UR - http://jcp.bmj.com/content/63/4/355.abstract N2 - Aim This was an in vitro study to analyse the susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolates to rifampin and rifaximin.Methods Stool samples from patients who had nosocomial diarrhoea and C difficile toxin B at a university hospital between August 2006 and December 2007 were cultured for C difficile. Susceptibility of C difficile isolates to rifaximin and rifampin was determined by agar dilution and E strips, respectively. C difficile isolates were analysed via PCR for genes encoding toxins A and B, for binary toxin (BT), and for partial deletions of the tcdC gene (tcdC-del).Results Rifaximin exhibited high-level activity against 359 C difficile isolates, with MIC50 &lt;0.01 μg/ml and MIC90 0.25 μg/ml; rifampin had MIC50 &lt;0.002 μg/ml and MIC90 4 μg/ml. Among isolates analysed, 55 (15%) were positive for BT and tcdC-del. 28 (8% of 359) isolates were resistant to rifampin (≥32 μg/ml), of which 6 (2% of 359) were resistant to rifaximin and rifampin with MIC values ≥32 μg/ml. 2 of the 28 isolates resistant to rifampin were A+/B+/BT+/tcdC-del+, 5 were A+/B+/BT−/tcdC-del+, 4 were A+/B+/BT+/tcdC-del−, 13 were A+/B+/BT−/tcdC-del−, and 4 had no detectable toxin genes. Of the 11 isolates resistant to rifaximin alone, 1 was A+/B+/BT−/tcdC-del+, 2 were A+/B+/BT+/tcdC-del−, 6 were A+/B+/BT−/tcdC-del−, and 2 had no detectable toxin genes.Conclusions The study demonstrates that rifaximin has high-level activity against C difficile in vitro. Determination of resistance to rifampin by E strip did not predict rifaximin resistance. ER -