Radiation related pathological alterations
| • | Ulceration of urothelium |
| • | Urothelial cell enlargement, mutinucleation, and cytoplasmic vacuolisation, but nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios remain low |
| • | Acute and/or chronic inflammation of the lamina propria |
| • | Nodules of squamoid epithelium (reactive) |
| • | Giant cell cystitis |
| • | Bladder wall fibrosis (late stage) |