Observations where cell fusion does not seem to underlie claims for the transdifferentiation process
| Conversion | Evidence | Ref |
|---|---|---|
| *Equivocal data. | ||
| BMCs, bone marrow cells; BMT, bone marrow transplant; CRE, cAMP response element; DAPI, 4,6-diaminidino-2 phenylindole; EPCs, endothelial progenitor cells; PBSCs, peripheral blood stem cells; SMCs, smooth muscle cells. | ||
| See text for further details. | ||
| BMCs to buccal cells | X and Y probes | 13 |
| BMCs to SMCs | X, Y, and chromosome 18 probes | 18 |
| BMCs to cardiomyocytes | X, Y, and chromosome 18 probes | 19 |
| EPCs to cardiomyocytes | Contact with fixed cells | 20 |
| BMCs to neurones and astrocytes | DAPI fluorescence | 21 |
| BMCs to Purkinje cells* | X and Y probes | 22 |
| BMCs to β cells | CRE–lox technology | 23 |
| BMCs to mesangial cells | Y probe (male to male BMT) | 24 |
| PBSCs to gastrointestinal mucosal cells, hepatocytes and epidermis | X and Y probes | 25 |
| BMCs to gastrointestinal mucosal cells | DAPI fluorescence | 26 |
| Fetal cells to thyroid follicular epithelia | X and Y probes | 27 |