Type-specific prevalence of human papillomavirus in penile carcinomas, by study and histological type
| Country | First author | Journal (year) | Method of detection and primers | Sample | Histology | No. cases | Overall HPV prevalence | HPV-6 | HPV-11 | HPV type-specific contribution | Multiple infections | ||||
| HPV-16 | HPV-18 | HPV-31 | HPV-33 | Others | |||||||||||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||||||
| Brazil | Villa | Int J Cancer (1986) | Southern blot | Frozen | Verrucous SCC | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| Keratinising | 17 | 8 | 0 | 1 (100%) | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| USA | Varma | Hum Pathol (1991) | PCR TS for 6/11/16 only + ISH | PE | Verrucous SCC | 4 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | |
| SCC | 21 | 16 (76.2%) | 1 (6.2%) | 14 (87.5%) | 0 | 3 (18.7)† | 0 | 2 (12.5%) | |||||||
| USA | Wiener | Int J Cancer (1992) | PCR TS 16/18 | FFPE | SCC | 29 | 9 (31.0%) | – | – | 8 (88.9%) | 1 (11.1%) | – | – | – | 0 |
| USA | Sarkar | J Urol (1992) | PCR TS 6/11/16/18 | FFPE | Keratinising | 3 | 2 (66.7%) | 0 | 2 (100%) | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | |
| Non-keratinising | 8 | 7 (87.5%) | 0 | 7 (100%) | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | ||||||
| Verrucous SCC | 1 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| Japan | Iwasawa | J Urol (1993) | PCR TS 16/18/33 | FFPE | SCC | 111 | 70 (63.1%) | – | – | 68 (97.1%) | 2 (2.9%) | – | 0 | – | 0 |
| Japan | Suzuki | Jpn J Clin Oncol (1994) | PCR TS | Fresh | SCC | 8 | 5 (62.5%) | 0 | 0 | 3 (60%) | 0 | 1 (20%) | 1 (20%) | 0 | 0 |
| PE | SCC | 5 | 2 (40%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (50%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (50%) | 0 | 0 | ||||
| China (Hong Kong) | Chan | J Clin Pathol (1994) | PCR TS 16/18 | PWE | SCC | 34 | 8 | – | – | 4 | 4 | – | – | – | – |
| Verrucous SCC | 7 | 75 (9.0%) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
| USA | Cupp | J Urol (1995) | PCR MY09/11+ TS 16/18 | FFPE | SCC | 42 | 23 (54.8%) | – | – | 17 (73.9%) | 2 (8.7%) | – | – | – | 1 (4.3%) |
| Verrucous SCC | 3 | 100 (7.0%) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
| USA and Paraguay | Gregorire | J Natl Cancer Inst (1995) | PCR TS 6/11/16/18+ wide range primers | FFPE | Non-keratinising | 45 | 5 (11.1%) | 1 (20%) | 0 | 23 (88.5%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Basaloid SCC | 12 | 9 (75.0%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
| Papillary | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | |||||||
| Warty | 9 | 2 (22.2%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
| Verrucous SCC | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | |||||||
| USA and Paraguay | Cubilla | Am J Surg Pathol (1998) | PCR TS | FFPE | Basaloid SCC | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Brazil | Levi | Int J Cancer (1998) | PCR MY09/11 | Frozen | SCC | 50 | 0 | 6 (21.4%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 (21.4%) | 2 (7,1%) | |
| Argentina | Picconi | J Med Virol (2000) | PCR GP5+/6+, PCR-SSCP | FFPE | SCC | 38 | 0 | 2 (7.4%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Brazil | Bezerra | Am J Surg Pathol (2001) | PCR TS | FFPE | SCC | 60 | 16 (26.7%) | 0 | 0 | 9 (56.3%) | 3 (18.8%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (6.2%) | 0 |
| Warty | 11 | 5 (45.5%) | 2 (40%) | 3 (60%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Brazil | Bezerra | Cancer (2001) | PCR TS | FFPE | SCC | 82 | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (8.0%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (4.0%) | 0 | |
| USA and Paraguay | Rubin | Am J Pathol (2001) | PCR SPF10 | FFPE | Keratinising | 106 | 37 (34.9%) | 4 (10.8%) | 0 | 19 (51.4%) | 1 (2.7%) | 0 | 0 | 16 (43.2%) | 8 (21.6%) |
| Verrucous SCC | 12 | 4 (33.3%) | 1 (25.0%) | 0 | 1 (25.0%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (25.0%) | 0 | |||||
| Basaloid SCC | 15 | 12 (80%) | 0 | 0 | 10 (83.3%) | 0 | 1 (8.3%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (8.3%) | |||||
| Warty | 5 | 5 (100%) | 0 | 0 | 5 (100%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| France | Perceau | Br J Dermatol (2003) | PCR GP5+/6+, TS 16/18/31/33 | FFPE | SCC | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mexico | Salazar | Syst Biol Reprod Med (2005) | PCR Specific for HPV16 | FFPE | Non-keratinising | 39 | 25 (64.1%) | – | – | 25 (100%) | – | – | – | – | 0 |
| Warty | 3 | 2 (66.7%) | – | – | 2 (100%) | – | – | – | – | 0 | |||||
| Verrucous SCC | 2 | 1 (50%) | – | – | 1 (100%) | – | – | – | – | 0 | |||||
| Papillary | 2 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
| Italy | Gentile | Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol (2006) | PCR MY09/11 and GP5+/6+ | FFPE | Non-keratinising | 9 | 6 (66.7%) | 0 | 0 | 4 (66.7%) | 1 (16.7%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (16.6%) | 0 |
| Verrucous SCC | 2 | 2 (100%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (50%) | 1 (50%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Netherlands | Lont* | Int J Cancer (2006) | PCR GP5+/6+ | FFPE | Keratinising | 152 | 47 (30.9%) | – | – | Unknown | Unknown | 0 | 0 | 0 | Unknown |
| Basaloid SCC | 1 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | |||||
| Verrucous SCC | 12 | 2 (16.7%) | – | – | Unknown | Unknown | 0 | 0 | 0 | Unknown | |||||
| Warty | 4 | 1 (25.0%) | – | – | Unknown | Unknown | 0 | 0 | 0 | Unknown | |||||
| Total (types not dif. by histology) | 171 | 50 (29.2%) | – | – | 39 (78.0%) | 4 (8.0%) | 0 | 2 (4.0%) | 6 (12.0%)‡ | 0 | |||||
| Thailand | Semba | J Med Virol (2006) | PCR SPF10, ISH | FFPE | Keratinising | 52 | 41 (78.8%) | 18 (43.9%) | 1 (2.4%) | 0 | 29 (70.7%) | 0 | 0 | 2 (4.9%) | 9 (22%) |
| Non-keratinising SCC | 12 | 11 (91.7%) | 7 (63.6%) | 0 | 1 (9.1%) | 7 (63.6%) | 0 | 0 | 3 (27.2%) | 6 (54.5%) | |||||
| Verrucous SCC | 1 | 1 (100%) | 1 (100%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Germany | Protzel | Histol Histopathol (2007) | PCR TS 6/11/16/18 | FFPE | Keratinising | 9 | 2 (22.2%) | 0 | 2 (100%) | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | |
| Non-keratinising SCC | 4 | 2 (50%) | 1 (50%) | 1 (50%) | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | ||||||
| Papillary | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
| Verrucous carcinoma | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
| Basaloid SCC | 3 | 0 | 1 (33.3%) | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | ||||||
| Spain | Pascual | Histol Histopathol (2007) | PCR MY09/11 and GP5+/6+ | FFPE | SCC | 24 | 17 (70.8%) | 0 | 0 | 13 (76.5%) | 3 (17.6%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Warty | 18 | 16 (88.9%) | 0 | 0 | 14 (87.5%) | 1 (6.3%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Basaloid SCC | 1 | 1 (100%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (100%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Verrucous SCC | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | |||||
| Netherlands | Heideman | J Clin Oncol (2007) | FFPE | Keratinising | 72 | 40 (55.6%) | 1 (2.5%) | 0 | 22 (55.0%) | 3 (7.5%) | 0 | 1 (2.5%) | 2 (5.0%) | 14 (35%) | |
| Verrucous SCC | 7 | 4 (57.1%) | 0 | 0 | 2 (50%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Warty | 2 | 1 (50%) | 1 (100%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Spain | Guerrero | BJU Int (2008) | PCR GP5+/6+ RLB for 37 HPV types | FFPE | SCC | 17 | 10 (25.0%) | 0 | 0 | 10 (100%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (10%) | 1 (10%) |
| Warty | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 (100%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Verrucous SCC | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | |||||
| Basaloid SCC | 2 | 0 (12.0%) | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | |||||
| Japan | Yanagawa | Virchows Arch (2008) | PCR-RFLP TS | FFPE | SCC | 25 | 3 (12.0%) | 0 | 0 | 3 (100%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| UK | Prowse | Br J Dermatol 2008 | PCR SPF10 | PWE | SCC | 26 | 14 (53.8%) | 1 (7.1%) | 0 | 11 (78.6%) | 1 (7.1%) | 0 | 0 | 4 (28.57%)§ | 2 (14.2%) |
| Uganda | Tornesello | Cancer Lett (2008)* | PCR MY09/11 and GP5+/6+ | FFPE | Keratinising | 37 | 18 (48.6%) | 17 (94.4%) | 1 (5.6%) | 18 (100%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Verrucous SCC | 2 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
| Basaloid SCC | 1 | 1 (100%) | 1 (100%) | 0 | 1 (100%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Sarcomatoid | 1 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
*Includes cases from Ferreux et al (J Pathol, 2003).
†Includes series from Tornesello ML et al (Int J Cancer, 2008).
‡HPV-45 (n = 1); HPV-56 (n = 1); HPV-58 (n = 1); HPV-59 (n = 1).
§HPV-52 (n = 2); HPV-56 (n = 1); HPV-68 (n = 1).
PWE, paraffin-wax-embedded; PE, paraffin-embedded; FFPE, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded; TS, type-specific.