Table 15

Clinical studies reporting side effects associated with Lactobacillus therapy

BacteriaEffect/sPatient(s) clinical historyRef.
L. jenseniiEndocarditisAn immunocompetent 47-year-old man with mitral valve replacement treated with teicoplanin and meropenem302
L. paracaseiEndocarditisA patient (18 years) with trisomy 21 treated with chloramphenicol303
L. rhamnosus GGBacteraemiaEleven patients with immunosuppression, prior prolonged hospitalisation and prior surgical interventions treated with antimicrobials317
L. acidophilus
L. bulgaricus		Bloodstream infectionsThe maximum estimated incidence of bacteraemia during an 8-year period was 0.2%322
L. rhamnosusBacteraemiaSixteen nosocomial infections associated with immunosuppression (66%) and catheters (83%)312
L. rhamnosus L. curvatus L. delbrueckii subsp lactis L. paracaseiBacteraemiaSix cases of bacteraemia in hospitalised patients, five with a depressed immune status306
L. rhamnosusHepatic abscess and bacteraemiaA 73 year-old woman with antecedent of diabetes mellitus treated with ampicillin plus gentamicin316
L. rhamnosusCatheter-related bacteraemiaA patient who underwent a single-lung transplant308
L. rhamnosusBacteraemiaA 14-year-old girl with acute myeloid leukaemia, bacteraemia disappeared only after 13 months when the cytostatic therapy was terminated314
L. plantarumBacteraemiaA patient (43 years) with a subacute endocarditis due to an immunovasculitis and a bloodstream infection307
L. rhamnosusSepticaemiaA 54-year-old woman with diabetes treated with amoxicillin296
L. jenseniiSepticaemiaA 50-year-old woman with obstructive acute renal failure297
L. paracaseiPurpura fulminans associated with liver abscessNot stated323
L. acidophilusLiver abscessA 27-year-old man with a 6-month history of NOD2/CARD15-positive Crohn's disease324
L. caseiPneumonia and sepsisA patient with AIDS because of CD4 lymphocyte depletion325
L. rhamnosusSepticaemiaA patient with a graft in the inferior vena cava298
L. gasseriSeptic urinary infectionA patient (66 years) developed severe urinary stasis due to a concrement in his right ureter, treated with cefotaxime and amoxicillin326
L. caseiBacteraemiaA 75-year-old woman (a heavy dairy consumer)with severe thoracic pain due to dissection of the aortic arch and ascending aorta and treated with amoxicillin327
L. rhamnosus Lcr35 L. rhamnosus ATCC 53103Meningitis and recurrent episodes of bacteraemiaA child (10 years ) undergoing allogeneic haematopoietic
stem cell transplantation and treated unsuccessfully with clindamycin		320
L. caseiBacteraemiaAn immunocompetent 66-year-old man with a history of fever of unknown origin319
L. jenseniiBacteraemia and pyelonephritisA 59-year-old woman with progressed follicular lymphoma, diabetes mellitus type-2 and arterial hypertension and kidney stone treated with antibiotics309
L. jenseniiBacteraemia and endocarditisA 27-year-old woman with a 20-day history of fever and treated with penicillin and gentamicin304
L. rhamnosusCatheter-related bloodstream infectionsA 38-year-old woman who underwent allogenic transplantation of haematopoietic stem cells from cord blood for a large granular lymphocyte leukaemia and initially treated with chemotherapy328
L. delbrueckiiPyelonephritis and bacteraemiaA 68-year-old woman with fever, chills, nausea, and vomiting and ureteral calculus with mild left hydronephrosis treated with ampicillin311
L. rhamnosusSepsisA 24-year-old woman developed sepsis resulting from preoperative administration of probiotics following an aortic valve replacement301
L. rhamnosus GGBacteraemiaA 69-year-old man with stage IIIA mantle cell lymphoma and treated with probiotic-enriched yogurt stopping329
L. rhamnosus GGBacteraemiaAn 11-month-old boy with fever and hypoxia and with a history of short bowel syndrome secondary to resection of approximately 80% of the small intestine310
L. acidophilusSepsisA 69-year-old man with stage IIIA mantle cell lymphoma315
L. rhamnosus GGBacteraemiaA 36-week-gestation male infant with short gut syndrome secondary to congenital intestinal atresia and volvulus313
L. rhamnosus GGBacteraemiaA 34-week-gestation male infant with gastroschisis313
L. rhamnosusBacteraemiaA 43-year-old woman with ulcerative colitis299
L. paracaseiEndocarditisA 77-year-old man with a prostate cancer in remission, hiatal hernia, right hip prosthesis, mitral insufficiency, hypertension, bipolar disorder, and daily consumer of probiotics330