QUADAS 2—assessment of risk of bias and applicability concerns across 25 studies
| Study ID | Risk of bias | Applicability concerns | |||||
| Case selection | Index test | Reference standard | Flow and timing | Case selection | Index test | Reference standard | |
| Al-Janabi et al 40 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Bauer et al 43 | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low |
| Campbell et al 18 | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Al-Janabi et al 41 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Brunelli et al 28 | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | High | Low |
| Houghton et al 30 | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Reyes et al 20 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Unclear |
| Bauer and Slaw3 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Ordi et al 27 | Low | High | High | High | Low | Low | Low |
| Bucks et al (1)23 | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Bucks et al (2)23 | High | Unclear | High | Low | Low | Unclear | Unclear |
| Arnold et al 24 | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low |
| Loughrey et al 29 | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | low |
| Thrall et al 26 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Shah et al 46 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | low |
| Snead et al 25 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Saco et al 19 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Kent et al 45 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Tabata et al 31 | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Araújo et al 42 | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Lee et al 48 | Low | High | Low | High | Low | Unclear | Unclear |
| Villa et al 47 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Mukhopadhyay et al 32 | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Williams et al 6 | Low | Unclear | Low | High | Low | Unclear | Low |
| Hanna et al 44 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
QUADAS2, Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies.