Meta-regression modelling risk of COVID-19-associated AKI
| Variable | Coefficient | Coefficient 95% CI | |||
| Lower bound | Upper bound | P value | |||
| (Intercept) | −7.1298 | −27.825 | 13.5654 | 0.393 | |
| Study design | Case series | Reference | – | – | – |
| Prospective | 3.9234 | −9.0058 | 16.8527 | 0.4469 | |
| Retrospective | 4.8177 | −7.3411 | 16.9764 | 0.333 | |
| Study setting | Multicentre | Reference | – | – | – |
| Single centre | −0.0597 | −3.1023 | 2.983 | 0.9592 | |
| Location | China | Reference | – | – | – |
| Poland | −0.774 | −5.6628 | 4.1147 | 0.6829 | |
| USA | 1.5444 | −5.1826 | 8.2714 | 0.5585 | |
| Median age in years | 0.1119 | −0.1747 | 0.3985 | 0.3392 | |
| Proportion of males | −5.7066 | −30.6097 | 19.1964 | 0.5592 | |
| AKI diagnostic criteria | eGFR (CKD) | Reference | – | – | – |
| KDIGO | −3.4725 | −10.7691 | 3.8242 | 0.2569 | |
| KDIGO Expanded Criteria | −5.6275 | −17.4334 | 6.1783 | 0.2563 | |
| Serum creatinine | −1.5829 | −12.4894 | 9.3236 | 0.7076 | |
| Comorbidities | Proportion of people with hypertension | −12.7624 | −41.2774 | 15.7526 | 0.2819 |
| Proportion of people with any CVD | −12.511 | −83.395 | 58.3729 | 0.6498 | |
| Proportion of people with diabetes | 29.8351 | −41.7105 | 101.3807 | 0.3114 | |
| Proportion of people with COPD | 7.8958 | −98.6438 | 114.4353 | 0.847 | |
| Proportion of people with CKD | 77.4441 | −139.5486 | 294.4367 | 0.3778 | |
| Proportion of people with cancer | −5.5262 | −61.8269 | 50.7746 | 0.7987 | |
AKI, acute kidney injury; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; KIDGO, Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes.