Summary
EBV-transformation induces B lymphocytes to secrete high levels of human IL-10 [9]. Additionally, EBV contains a gene, BCRF1, that encodes for a protein that shares activity with human IL-10 in vitro. Thus, infection by EBV seems to promote a Th2 environment in the infected host. One may even hypothesize that EBV-derived IL-10 initiates a cascade of events that promotes a Th2 response and suppresses Thl activity.
This is further confirmed by data that suggest elevated concentrations of IL-4, IL-10, and IgE in patients with PTLD [16, 29]. This implies an association between PTLD and an imbalance in the immunoregulatory system with either an excess suppression of Th1 cells and/or an up-regulation of Th2 cells. One could speculate that if the imbalance in the immunoregulatory system is corrected, the patient's own immune system could potentially defend itself against the virus. Clearly, this is the case in those immunocompromised patients with PTLD who respond to just a reduction in their immunosuppression. Unfortunately, this is only beneficial in approximately half of patients with PTLD [5]. Perhaps this is because patients often do not become entirely immunocompetent, either because all of their immunosuppression cannot be discontinued for fear of rejection or because once the above cascade is established the immune system is not capable of easily switching to the Thl response necessary for combating the virus.
Theoretically, IFN-α, because of its anti-viral effect, its anti-neoplastic effect and/or possibly by its ability to promote a Thl response, should be useful in the treatment of PTLD. IFN-α modulates the immune system by several mechanisms including: preventing B cells from producing immunoglobulins [7], reducing IL-6 receptor density [3, 46], and augmenting the inhibition of IL-4 by IL-12 [55]. In vitro studies document its effectiveness against EBV [17, 27, 30, 47].
Unfortunately, the available evidence as to its efficacy in vivo in patients with PTLD is very limited. At present, there are only 16 reported cases in the literature. There are also three cases of BLPD in immunocompromised patients that were all successfully treated with IFN-α [47] and the two cases alluded to earlier from Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (personal communication). Although the numbers are small, the results are promising. Of the 21 patients with BLPD who received IFN-α, 15 achieved complete remission. Four others improved and 2 died from BLPD. One of the 4 that improved died 3 months later from a relapse. Thus, there was an overall mortality of 14% (3 of 21) in those who received therapy with IFN-α. This is a very heterogeneous group of patients, several of whom had also received additional therapies. Thus, it is impossible to draw definitive conclusions. However, the mortality rate in this group of patients, who had already failed therapy with a reduction in their immunosuppression, compares very favorably to the reported mortality rate of approximately 23–81% in patients with PTLD [5, 6, 31].
This data suggest that a large multi-centered prospective trial comparing IFN-α with and without IVIg to other treatment options (i.e., LAK cells) is warranted in those patients with EBV-positive PTLD who fail to respond to a reduction in their immunosuppression.
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Faro, A. Interferon-α and its effects on post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Springer Semin Immunopathol 20, 425–436 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00838053
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00838053