Abstract
TDP-43 immunoreactivity occurs in 19–57 % of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) cases. Two patterns of TDP-43 deposition in AD have been described involving hippocampus (limbic) or hippocampus and neocortex (diffuse), although focal amygdala involvement has been observed. In 195 AD cases with TDP-43, we investigated regional TDP-43 immunoreactivity with the aim of developing a TDP-43 in AD staging scheme. TDP-43 immunoreactivity was assessed in amygdala, entorhinal cortex, subiculum, hippocampal dentate gyrus, occipitotemporal, inferior temporal and frontal cortices, and basal ganglia. Clinical, neuroimaging, genetic and pathological characteristics were assessed across stages. Five stages were identified: stage I showed scant-sparse TDP-43 in the amygdala only (17 %); stage II showed moderate-frequent amygdala TDP-43 with spread into entorhinal and subiculum (25 %); stage III showed further spread into dentate gyrus and occipitotemporal cortex (31 %); stage IV showed further spread into inferior temporal cortex (20 %); and stage V showed involvement of frontal cortex and basal ganglia (7 %). Cognition and medial temporal volumes differed across all stages and progression across stages correlated with worsening cognition and medial temporal volume loss. Compared to 147 AD patients without TDP-43, only the Boston Naming Test showed abnormalities in stage I. The findings demonstrate that TDP-43 deposition in AD progresses in a stereotypic manner that can be divided into five distinct topographic stages which are supported by correlations with clinical and neuroimaging features. Given these findings, we recommend sequential regional TDP-43 screening in AD beginning with the amygdala.
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Acknowledgments
This study was funded by the US National Institute of Aging (NIA) grants R01-AG037491 (to KAJ), R21-AG038736 (to JLW), P01-AG003949 (to DWD) and P50-AG016574 (to RCP). We wish to thank the families of the patients who donated their brains to science allowing completion of this study. We further wish to thank Kris Johnson, Linda Rousseau, Virginia Phillips and Monica Casey-Castanedes for pathological support.
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The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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Josephs, K.A., Murray, M.E., Whitwell, J.L. et al. Staging TDP-43 pathology in Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathol 127, 441–450 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-013-1211-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-013-1211-9