HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS DETECTED IN BOWEL EPITHELIUM FROM PATIENTS WITH GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOMS
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Lack of the trans-receptor mechanism of HIV-1 infection: CD4- and coreceptor-independent incorporation of HIV-1-resistant cells into syncytia induced by HIV-1
2012, Microbes and InfectionCitation Excerpt :Cells lacking CD4 or an appropriate coreceptor are usually resistant to HIV-1 infection [1,15]. However, several HIV-1-resistant cells, including neurons [31], astrocytes [32], epithelial cells [33], cardiomyocytes [34], and liver cells [35], are often found positive for HIV-1-nucleic acids and/or HIV-1-antigens in vivo. To date, little is known about the transmission of HIV-1 to these HIV-1-resistant cells.
Cholera toxin inhibits HIV-1 replication in human colorectal epithelial HT-29 cells through adenylate cyclase activation
2010, Antiviral ResearchCitation Excerpt :In vitro infection of intestinal epithelial cells by HIV-1 is well documented and occurs primarily through the major receptor galactosylceramide (GalCer) and the coreceptor CXCR4 (Delezay et al., 1997). In vivo infection of those cells by HIV-1 has also been reported (Flemstrom and Sjoblom, 2005; Nelson et al., 1988) and may occur through the CCR5 coreceptor since they express GalCer and CCR5 (Meng et al., 2002). Some studies have also reported CXCR4 expression on rectal and colonic epithelial cells in addition to CCR5 (Jordan et al., 1999).
Interleukin-4 inhibits an early phase in the HIV-1 life cycle in the human colorectal cell line HT-29
2010, Clinical ImmunologyCitation Excerpt :This may occur during primo-infection, asymptomatic and AIDS phases, when actively infected CD4+T lymphocytes present in the GALT secrete infectious viral particles. Although it does not seem to be a frequent mechanism [10], in vivo infection of enterochromaffin cells, a specialized population of intestinal epithelial cells [11], and possibly columnar epithelial or goblet cells have been reported [12], thus suggesting that intestinal epithelial cells might be involved in virus propagation and/or pathogenesis of the disease. It is noteworthy that epithelial cells from intestine, colon and rectum do not express the main HIV-1 receptor, CD4.
Idiopathic AIDS Enteropathy and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Opportunistic Pathogens
2009, GastroenterologyCitation Excerpt :Recognizing the real potential for unsuspected or unidentified pathogens in the bowel, many investigators have found that HIV itself infects enterocytes, lamina propria cells, and submucosa. Nelson et al6 in 1988, using in situ hybridization of biopsied specimens obtained from the rectum and duodenum, showed HIV-infected cells in both the base of the crypts and within the lamina propria. They postulated that the association of in situ labeling of HIV RNA in argentaffin cells strongly suggested that enterochromaffin cells derive from the neural crest tissue and may in fact be among the primary target cells of HIV.
Longitudinal analysis of monocyte/macrophage infection in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected, CD8<sup>+</sup> T-cell-depleted macaques that develop lentiviral encephalitis
2006, American Journal of PathologyCitation Excerpt :The lineage of the non-double-labeled cells is unknown. Although we favor the interpretation that these infected cells are unlabeled macrophages or lymphocytes, other tissue cells (eg, astrocytes) have been proposed to be infected.81–88 Within the CNS of these macaques, we have been unable to co-localize SIV antigen with neuroglial markers.