Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with or without thrombosis has been recognized increasingly as a serious complication of heparin use. This article reviews type 11 heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, which is mediated by an antibody that in most cases has specificity for a complex between heparin and platelet factor 4, a secreted platelet cc-granule protein. The antibody-heparin-platelet factor 4 complex can activate platelets and endothelial cells, thereby initiating thrombosis. Clinical thrombosis in this syndrome may be arterial or venous. Treatment of the syndrome requires discontinuation of heparin and institution of an alternative anticoagulant.
