Regular article
Biomarkers, genomics, proteomics, and gene regulation
Cathepsin E, Maspin, Plk1, and Survivin Are Promising Prognostic Protein Markers for Progression in Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.01.023Get rights and content

Bladder cancer is a common cancer with particularly high recurrence after transurethral resection. In this study, we investigated the prognostic value of the protein expression of cathepsin E, maspin, polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), and survivin in patients with stage Ta and T1 urothelial carcinomas. Transcripts from the four genes encoding these proteins were previously included in gene expression signatures for outcome prediction for Ta/T1 bladder cancer. We used three different tissue microarrays with 693 non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinomas from Danish, Swedish, and Spanish patient cohorts with long-term follow-up. Protein expression was measured by immunohistochemistry, and antibody specificity was validated by Western blotting. In the Danish patient cohort, we found the expression of cathepsin E, maspin, Plk1, and survivin to be significantly associated with progression to stage T2 to T4 bladder cancer (for each marker: log-rank test; P < 0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified cathepsin E (P < 0.001), Plk1 (P = 0.021), maspin (P = 0.001), and survivin (P = 0.001) as independent prognostic markers. Furthermore, maspin, survivin, and cathepsin E expression significantly subgrouped patients already stratified by European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer risk scores. Finally, we successfully validated the results in tumors from 410 patients from both Sweden and Spain. We conclude that all four protein markers may have prognostic value in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer for guiding optimal treatment of patients. Additional prospective studies are needed for further validation of the clinical relevance of this marker panel.

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Supported by the John and Birthe Meyer Foundation, the Danish Cancer Society, the Ministry of Technology and Science, and the Lundbeck Foundation, as well as funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework program FP7/2007-2011 under grant agreement n° 201663.

Supplemental material for this article can be found at http://ajp.amjpathol.org or at 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.01.023.

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