COVID-19 is primarily a respiratory illness but cardiovascular involvement can occur through several mechanisms.
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Acute cardiac injury is the most reported cardiovascular abnormality in COVID-19, with average incidence 8-12%
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Underlying CVD and/or development of acute cardiac injury are associated with significantly worse outcome in these patients.
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Information about other cardiovascular manifestations is very limited at present.
Abstract
Background and aims
Many patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have underlying cardiovascular (CV) disease or develop acute cardiac injury during the course of the illness. Adequate understanding of the interplay between COVID-19 and CV disease is required for optimum management of these patients.
Methods
A literature search was done using PubMed and Google search engines to prepare a narrative review on this topic.
Results
Respiratory illness is the dominant clinical manifestation of COVID-19; CV involvement occurs much less commonly. Acute cardiac injury, defined as significant elevation of cardiac troponins, is the most commonly reported cardiac abnormality in COVID-19. It occurs in approximately 8–12% of all patients. Direct myocardial injury due to viral involvement of cardiomyocytes and the effect of systemic inflammation appear to be the most common mechanisms responsible for cardiac injury. The information about other CV manifestations in COVID-19 is very limited at present. Nonetheless, it has been consistently shown that the presence of pre-existing CV disease and/or development of acute cardiac injury are associated with significantly worse outcome in these patients.
Conclusions
Most of the current reports on COVID-19 have only briefly described CV manifestations in these patients. Given the enormous burden posed by this illness and the significant adverse prognostic impact of cardiac involvement, further research is required to understand the incidence, mechanisms, clinical presentation and outcomes of various CV manifestations in COVID-19 patients.
