Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) facilitates tumor growth and metastasis in colon cancer. Although tumor cells may produce MMP-2, stromal cells, such as macrophages and fibroblasts, contribute significantly to MMP-2 synthesis in human tumors. We characterized four human colon cancer cell lines with differing biological behavior for MMP-2 expression. While the parent tumors from which the cell lines were derived all expressed MMP-2 mRNA, MMP-2 transcripts were detected in only one cell line, TF-17C, which is nontumorigenic in a nude mouse tumor model. TF-43C, which is tumorigenic and metastatic in the same tumor model, did not produce MMP-2, yet the tumors which arose from it after injection into nude mice did contain MMP-2 mRNA, suggesting a contribution from stromal cells. Co-culturing TF-43C with fibroblasts resulted in an increase in MMP-2 protein, whereas co-culturing with the nontumorigenic cell line TF-13Cm did not alter constitutive fibroblast MMP-2 secretion. Conditioned medium from TF-43C cells also stimulated fibroblast MMP-2 production. These data suggest that a soluble factor from TF-43C cells can stimulate fibroblast MMP-2 production and support the hypothesis that colon cancer cell interactions with stromal fibroblasts may be important determinants of tumor behavior in vivo.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Liotta LA, Stetler-Stevenson WG. Tumor invasion and metastasis: an imbalance of positive and negative regulation. Cancer Res 1991; 51(18 Suppl): 5054s–5059s.
Daneker GW, Jr., Mercurio AM, Guerra L, et al. Laminin expression in colorectal carcinomas varying in degree of differentiation. Arch Surg 1987; 122(12): 1470–4.
Forster SJ, Talbot IC, Clayton DG et al. Tumour basement membrane laminin in adenocarcinoma of rectum: an immunohistochemical study of biological and clinical significance. Int J Cancer 1986; 37(6): 813–7.
Barsky SH, Siegal GP, Jannotta F et al. Loss of basement membrane components by invasive tumors but not by their benign counterparts. Lab Invest 1983; 49(2): 140–7.
Matrisian LM. The matrix-degrading metalloproteinases. Bioessays 1992; 14(7): 455–63.
Birkedal-Hansen H. Proteolytic remodeling of extracellular matrix. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1995; 7(5): 728–35.
Chambers AF, Matrisian LM. Changing views of the role of matrix metalloproteinases in metastasis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89(17): 1260–70.
Stetler-Stevenson WG, Hewitt R, Corcoran M. Matrix metalloproteinases and tumor invasion: from correlation and causality to the clinic. Semin Cancer Biol 1996; 7(3): 147–54.
Stetler-Stevenson WG, Corcoran ML. Tumor angiogenesis: functional similarities with tumor invasion. EXS 1997; 79: 413–8.
Ishikawa T, Ichikawa Y, Mitsuhashi M, et al. Matrilysin is associated with progression of colorectal tumor. Cancer Lett 1996; 107(1): 5–10.
Murray GI, Duncan ME, O'Neil P, Melvin WT et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 is associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Nat Med 1996; 2(4): 461–2.
Zeng ZS, Huang Y, Cohen AM et al. Prediction of colorectal cancer relapse and survival via tissue RNA levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14(12): 3133–40.
Morikawa K, Walker SM, Nakajima M, et al. Influence of organ environment on the growth, selection, and metastasis of human colon carcinoma cells in nude mice. Cancer Res 1988; 48(23): 6863–71.
Shah V, Kumar S, Zirvi KA. Metastasis of human colon tumor cells in vivo: correlation with the overexpression of plasminogen activators and 72 kDa gelatinase. In Vivo 1994; 8(3): 321–6.
Emmert-Buck M, Roth M, Zhuang Z, et al. Increased gelatinase A (MMP-2) and cathepsin B activity in invasive tumor regions of human colon cancer samples. Am J Pathol 1994; 145(6): 1285–90.
Liabakk NB, Talbot I, Smith RA, et al. Matrix metalloprotease 2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP-9) type IV collagenases in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1996; 56(1): 190–6.
Murashige M, Miyahara M, Shiraishi N et al. Enhanced expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in human colorectal tumors. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1996; 26(5): 303–9.
Levy AT, Cioce V, Sobel ME, et al. Increased expression of the Mr 72,000 type IV collagenase in human colonic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 1991; 51(1): 439–44.
Tomita T, Iwata K. Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in colonic adenomas-adenocarcinomas. Dis Colon Rectum 1996; 39(11): 1255–64.
Poulsom R, Pignatelli M, Stetler-Stevenson WG, et al. Stromal expression of 72 kda type IV collagenase (MMP-2) and TIMP-2mRNAs in colorectal neoplasia. Am J Pathol 1992; 141(2): 389–96.
Pyke C, Ralfkiaer E, Tryggvason K, et al. Messenger RNA for two type IV collagenases is located in stromal cells in human colon cancer. Am J Pathol 1993; 142(2): 359–65.
Grigioni WF, D'Errico A, Fiorentino M et al. Gelatinase A (MMP-2) and its mRNA detected in both neoplastic and stromal cells of tumors with different invasive and metastatic properties. Diagn Mol Pathol 1994; 3(3): 163–9.
Ohtani H, Motohashi H, Sato H et al. Dual over-expression pattern of membrane-type metalloproteinase-1 in cancer and stromal cells in human gastrointestinal carcinoma revealed by in situ hybridization and immunoelectron microscopy. Int J Cancer 1996; 68(5): 565–70.
Swallow CJ, Murray MP, Guillem JG. Metastatic colorectal cancer cells induce matrix metalloproteinase release by human monocytes. Clin Exp Metastasis 1996; 14(1): 3–11.
Farrell TM, Pettengill OS, Longnecker DS, et al. In vitro growth of colon tumors predicts metastatic potential. Gastroenterology, in press 1998.
Riley HD, Macnab J, Farrell TJ et al. The expression of acylphosphatase is associated with the metastatic phenotype in human colorectal tumors. Carcinogenesis 1997; 18(12): 2453–5.
Onisto M, Garbisa S, Caenazzo C, et al. Reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction phenotyping of metalloproteinases and inhibitors involved in tumor matrix invasion. Diagn Mol Pathol 1993; 2(2): 74–80.
Huhtala P, Chow LT, Tryggvason K. Structure of the human type IV collagenase gene. J Biol Chem 1990; 265(19): 11077–82.
Grandchamp B, De Verneuil H, Beaumont C, et al. Tissue-specific expression of porphobilinogen deaminase. Two isoenzymes from a single gene. Eur J Biochem 1987; 162(1): 105–10.
Kleiner DE, Stetler-Stevenson WG. Quantitative zymography: detection of picogram quantities of gelatinases. Anal Biochem 1994; 218(2): 325–9.
An Z, Wang X, Willmott N, et al. Conversion of highly malignant colon cancer from an aggressive to a controlled disease by oral administration of a metalloproteinase inhibitor. Clin Exp Metastasis 1997; 15(2): 184–95.
Watson SA, Morris TM, Parsons SL, et al. Therapeutic effect of the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, batimastat, in a human colorectal cancer ascites model. Br J Cancer 1996; 74(9): 1354–8.
Denis LJ, Verweij J. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors: present achievements and future prospects. Invest New Drugs 1997; 15(3): 175–85.
Okada A, Bellocq JP, Rouyer N, et al. Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase (MT-MMP) gene is expressed in stromal cells of human colon, breast, and head and neck carcinomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92(7): 2730–4.
Loizidou MC, Carpenter R, Laurie H, et al. Growth enhancement of implanted human colorectal cancer cells by the addition of fibroblasts in vivo. Br J Surg 1996; 83(1): 24–8.
Kataoka H, Meng JY, Uchino H, et al. Modulation of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (matrilysin) secretion in coculture of human colon carcinoma cells with fibroblasts from orthotopic and ectopic organs. Oncol Res 1997; 9(3): 101–9.
Noel A, Hajitou A, L'Hoir C, et al. Inhibition of stromal matrix metalloproteases: effects on breast-tumor promotion by fibroblasts. Int J Cancer 1998; 76(2): 267–73.
Westerlund A, Hujanen E, Puistola U, et al. Fibroblasts stimulate human ovarian cancer cell invasion and expression of 72-kDa gelatinase A (MMP-2). Gynecol Oncol 1997; 67(1): 76–82.
Miyagi E, Yasumitsu H, Hirahara F, et al. Marked induction of gelatinases, especially type B, in host fibroblasts by human ovarian cancer cells in athymic mice. Clin Exp Metastasis 1995; 13(2): 89–96.
Stetler-Stevenson W, Krutzsch H, Liotta L. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-2). A new member of the metalloproteinase inhibitor family. J Biol Chem 1989; 264(29): 17374–8.
Sato H, Takino T, Okada Y, et al. A matrix metalloproteinase expressed on the surface of invasive tumour cells. Nature 1994; 370(6484): 61–5.
Migita K, Eguchi K, Kawabe Y, et al. TNF-alpha-mediated expression of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. Immunology 1996; 89(4): 553–7.
Salo T, Makela M, Kylmaniemi M. Autio-Harmainen H, Larjava H. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and-9 during early human wound healing. Lab Invest 1994; 70(2): 176–82.
Cullen B, Silcock D, Brown LJ, et al. The differential regulation and secretion of proteinases from fetal and neonatal fibroblasts by growth factors. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1997; 29(1): 241–50.
Hecker-Kia A, Kolkenbrock H, Orgel D, et al. Substance P induces the secretion of gelatinase A from human synovial fibroblasts. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1997; 35(9): 655–60.
Mauviel A. Cytokine regulation of metalloproteinase gene expression. J Cell Biochem 1993; 53(4): 288–95.
Kataoka H, DeCastro R, Zucker S, et al. Tumor cell-derived collagenase-stimulatory factor increases expression of interstitial collagenase, stromelysin and 72-kDa gelatinase. Cancer Res 1993; 53(13): 3154–8.
Hsu S, Huang F, Friedman E. Platelet-derived growth factor-B increases colon cancer cell growth in vivo by a paracrine effect. J Cell Physiol 1995; 165(2): 239–45.
Huang F, Newman E, Theodorescu D, et al. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1) is an autocrine positive regulator of colon carcinoma U9 cells in vivo as shown by transfection of a TGF beta 1 antisense expression plasmid. Cell Growth Differ 1995; 6(12): 1635–42.
Lamoreaux WJ, Fitzgerald ME, Reiner A, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor increases release of gelatinase A and decreases release of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases by microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. Microvasc Res 1998; 55(1): 29–42.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ornstein, D.L., MacNab, J. & Cohn, K.H. Evidence for tumor-host cooperation in regulating MMP-2 expression in human colon cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 17, 205–212 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006562818088
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006562818088