Several factors are changing the landscape of cervical cancer control, including a better understanding of the natural history of human papillomavirus (HPV), reliable assays for detecting high-risk HPV infections, and a soon to be available HPV-16/18 vaccine. There are important differences in the relevant policy questions for different settings. By synthesizing and integrating the best available data, the use of modeling in a decision analytic framework can identify those factors most likely to influence outcomes, can guide the design of future clinical studies and operational research, can provide insight into the cost-effectiveness of different strategies, and can assist in early decision-making when considered with criteria such as equity, public preferences, and political and cultural constraints.