The evolution of influenza viruses results in (i) recurrent annual epidemics of disease that
are caused by progressive antigenic drift of influenza A and B viruses due to the mutability of …

Annual influenza epidemics in humans affect 5–15% of the population, causing an
estimated half million deaths worldwide per year [Stohr K. Influenza—WHO cares. Lancet …

Many clinical studies have documented the efficacy of amantadine and rimantadine for
prophylaxis and treatment of influenza A virus infections (Douglas 1990; Tominack and …

Antigenic and genetic analysis of the hemagglutinin of∼ 13,000 human influenza A (H3N2)
viruses from six continents during 2002–2007 revealed that there was continuous circulation …

Amantadine (1‐aminoadamantane hydrochloride) is effective in the prophylaxis and
treatment of influenza A infections. In tissue culture this selective, strain‐specific antiviral …

The worldwide spread of H5N1 avian influenza has raised concerns that this virus might
acquire the ability to pass readily among humans and cause a pandemic. Two anti-influenza …

The potential impact of pandemic influenza makes effective measures to limit the spread and
morbidity of virus infection a public health priority. Antiviral drugs are seen as essential …

The influenza virus hemagglutinin(HA) mediates viral entry into cells by a low pH induced
membrane-fusion event in endosomal vesicles. Mutant viruses with altered pH dependence …

The evidence presented shows that the M2 protein of influenza A viruses exists in infected
cells as a homotetramer composed of two disulfide-linked dimers held together by …

Influenza viruses undergo continual antigenic evolution allowing mutant viruses to evade
host immunity acquired to previous virus strains. Antigenic phenotype is often assessed …