Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play crucial roles in the innate immune system by recognizing
pathogen-associated molecular patterns derived from various microbes. TLRs signal …

The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as components that recognize conserved
structures in pathogens has greatly advanced understanding of how the body senses …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that
play a central role in host cell recognition and responses to microbial pathogens. TLR …

The innate immune system senses viral infection by recognizing a variety of viral
components (including double-stranded (ds) RNA) and triggers antiviral responses,. The …

DNA from bacteria has stimulatory effects on mammalian immune cells,,, which depend on
the presence of unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in the bacterial DNA. In contrast …

MyD88 is a general adaptor protein that plays an important role in the Toll/IL-1 receptor
family signalings. Recently, Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4) have been …

The human homologue of Drosophila Toll (hToll), also called Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), is a
recently cloned receptor of the IL-1/Toll receptor family. Interestingly, the TLR4 gene has …

Abstract Systems for protein degradation are essential for tight control of the inflammatory
immune response,. Autophagy, a bulk degradation system that delivers cytoplasmic …

Abstract Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 are implicated in the recognition of various
bacterial cell wall components, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To investigate in vivo …

Type I interferons are central mediators for antiviral responses. Using high-throughput
functional screening of interferon inducers, we have identified here a molecule we call …