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Abstract
Background/Aims: Invasive infection with emerging moulds is increasing in incidence and reliable methods for speciating these organisms in tissue sections need to be developed.
Methods: Two methods for extracting fungal DNA from paraffin wax embedded tissue sections, based on the TaKaRa DEXPAT™ kit and QIAamp® DNA mini kit, were optimised and compared. DNA was amplified by PCR using pan-fungal probes, and detected by Southern blot hybridisation using a high stringency method with a probe specific for Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus.
Results: The method based on the TaKaRa DEXPAT kit, with additional steps using lyticase and ethanol precipitation, was superior. Less than 10 conidia were detectable using spiked samples and a positive result was obtained with 100% of clinical samples known to be culture positive for A fumigatus. Other moulds could be identified by using species specific probes or by sequencing PCR products.
Conclusions: The method based on the TaKaRa DEXPAT kit could detect less than 10 conidia/sample. The method allowed accurate identification of A fumigatus and A flavus and other species could be identified using species specific probes or by DNA sequencing. These methods will provide a valuable diagnostic tool for both patient management and future antifungal and epidemiological studies.
- aspergillus
- tissue
- DNA extraction
- polymerase chain reaction
- IFI, invasive fungal infection
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
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Although aspergillus remains the most common cause of invasive fungal infections (IFIs), the range of moulds causing this disease in immunosuppressed patients is increasing.1 Confirmation of the diagnosis of IFI requires histological evidence of tissue invasion by fungal hyphae. However, many moulds resemble aspergillus species histologically, and accurate identification relies on culturing the organism from the tissue. We have previously reported that culture from histologically positive tissues is only positive in 54% of cases2 and, therefore, the development of other methods is clearly required.
The aim of our study was to establish a method to speciate fungal pathogens in paraffin wax tissue sections, using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot hybridisation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Spiked tissue samples
Tenfold serial dilutions (104 to 100 conidia/10 μl solution) of Aspergillus fumigatus NCPF 7097 conidia (PHLS Mycology Reference Laboratory, Bristol, UK) and a negative control (10 μl sterile distilled water) were used to compare the methods. Sections (10 μm thick) of formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded, normal human lung tissue were cut using a sterile microtome blade, with two sections used for each sample. Each method was run three times to ensure reproducibility.
DNA extraction
Method based on TaKaRa DEXPAT™ kit (TaKaRa Biomedicals, Shiga, Japan)
Three modifications to the manufacturer’s methods were studied, namely:
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Incubation with lyticase (L5263; Sigma, Poole, Dorset, UK; 1 U, 2 U, and 5 U/100 μl solution) for 45 minutes at 37°C, following initial incubation in DEXPAT solution.
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Addition of 28mM β mercaptoethanol with 2 U/100 μl lyticase.
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Ethanol precipitation of the supernatant.
Method based on QIAamp® DNA mini kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany)
Two modifications to the manufacturer’s methods were studied, namely:
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Incubation with lyticase (1 U, 2 U, and 5 U/100 μl solution) for 45 minutes at 37°C following proteinase K lysis.
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Addition of 28 mM β mercaptoethanol with 2 U/100 μl lyticase.
Ethanol precipitation was not studied because DNA is separated using the QIAamp column provided.
Amplification of DNA
The pan-fungal primers and method described by Einsele et al were used.3 The number of cycles was increased from 35 to 50, which enabled the detection of 1 fg of DNA after Southern blot hybridisation. A positive control containing purified A fumigatus DNA and two negative control samples were included in each run.
Detection of amplification products
PCR products were separated in a 1.8% agarose gel in Tris acetate EDTA buffer (pH 8; 40mM Tris-acetate (pH 7.5), 2mM sodium EDTA). Amplicons were transferred on to a nylon membrane for Southern blotting. A DNA probe designed by Einsele et al,3 which hybridises with A fumigatus, A flavus, and A versicolor, was labelled using the Gene Images 3′ oligolabelling module (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Amersham, UK). Blots were prehybridised for 30 minutes at 65 °C, then hybridised for 20 minutes at 65°C. Three washes for 15 minutes at 76°C in 0.75M NaCl, 0.15M NaH2PO4, 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate were performed. The Gene Images CDP-Star detection module (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) was used.
DNA samples from A flavus, A niger, A terreus, Candida albicans, Fusarium oxysporum, Scedosporium apiospermum, Toxoplasma gondii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, cytomegalovirus, Pneumocystis carinii, and Streptococcuspneumoniae were used as controls.
Take home messages
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There is a need for the development of methods other than culture for the speciation of fungal pathogens in clinical samples
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We optimised and compared two molecular methods and found that one based on the TaKaRa DEXPAT kit, with the addition of lyticase and ethanol precipitation of extracted DNA, was the most sensitive
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This method could detect less than 10 conidia/sample and allowed accurate identification of A fumigatus and A flavus
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Other species could be identified using other species specific probes or by DNA sequencing
Clinical tissue samples
Five clinical lung tissue specimens, which were both histologically and culture positive for A fumigatus, were identified. These specimens had been stored for up to 10 years in the pathology department. Sections (10 μm thick) were cut using a sterile blade for each specimen. Two sections were used for each sample.
RESULTS
Optimisation and comparison using spiked samples (fig 1)
Comparison of methods with spiked samples. (A) Gel of QIAamp method with and without lyticase. (B) Gel of TaKaRa method plus ethanol precipitation, with and without lyticase. (C) Blot of QIAamp methods. (D) Blot of TaKaRa methods. M, molecular weight marker; lanes 1–5, 104, 103, 102, 101, and 100Aspergillus fumigatus conidia, respectively; lane 6, negative control. L, with lyticase.
Initial results with the QIAamp DNA mini kit (sensitivity, 104 conidia) were superior to the TaKaRa DEXPAT kit (sensitivity, > 104) (results not shown). Lyticase (2 U/100 μl) increased the sensitivity with the QIAamp based method (sensitivity, 103 conidia). Results with the TaKaRa based method were improved by ethanol precipitation of the extracted DNA (sensitivity, 101 conidia) and the addition of 2 U/100 μl lyticase (sensitivity, 100 conidia). The addition of β mercaptoethanol was not found to be beneficial with either method.
Comparison using clinical samples (fig 2)
Comparison of methods with clinical samples. (A) Gel of QIAamp method. (B) Gel of TaKaRa method. (C) Blot of QIAamp method. (D) Blot of TaKaRa method. M, molecular weight marker; lanes 1–5, clinical samples 1–5, respectively; lanes 6 and 7, negative controls.
The optimised TaKaRa based method (with additional lyticase and ethanol precipitation) was superior, with three of five samples positive after gel electrophoresis and all five after Southern blot hybridisation. This compares with one of five and four of five, respectively, with the optimised QIAamp based method.
Specificity of the probe
Using the high stringency hybridisation method described the probe was 100% specific for A fumigatus and A flavus.
DISCUSSION
Accurate diagnosis of IFIs is difficult and several methods have been developed in an attempt to speciate fungi causing invasive infection. The identification of fungi in tissue sections has been achieved by immunohistochemistry4,5 and in situ hybridisation.6,7 However, these techniques may not lead to species identification and are restricted to very few pathogens.
It has recently been shown that DNA can be extracted and amplified from fungal hyphae in fresh tissue8 or tissue that has been subjected to formalin fixation and paraffin wax embedding (B Willinger B, et al. Detection of aspergillosis of the maxillary sinus with molecular techniques, 2000. 6th Congress of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology Societies. Abstract P4-002).
It is clear that these methods operate at the limits of detection in what may be very small samples, and so optimisation is important. We found that a method based on the TaKaRa DEXPAT kit, with the addition of lyticase and ethanol precipitation of extracted DNA, was more sensitive than one based on the QIAamp DNA mini kit. Using spiked samples it was possible to detect less than 10 conidia/sample, and a positive result was obtained with 100% of clinical samples known to be culture positive for A fumigatus.
“It is clear that these methods operate at the limits of detection in what may be very small samples, and so optimisation is important”
The high stringency Southern blot hybridisation technique described allowed accurate identification of A fumigatus and A flavus. PCR products not hybridising with this probe could be identified using other species specific probes or by DNA sequencing. These methods will provide a valuable diagnostic tool for both patient management and future antifungal and epidemiological studies.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Ms L Boxer and the staff of the Pathology Department, Royal Free Hospital for cutting the tissue sections. Dr P J Paterson was supported by an educational grant from NexStar Pharmaceuticals.
Footnotes
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This work was undertaken by Dr P J Paterson, Mrs S Seaton, Dr J McLaughlin, and Dr C C Kibbler with the Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust who received a proportion of its funding from the NHS Executive; the views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Trust or the NHS Executive.